Kamarajar biography pdf free download

Indian politician (–)

"Kamaraj" redirects at hand. For the Indian film, doubt Kamaraj (film).

In this Indian title, the name Kumarasami is far-out patronymic, and the person necessity be referred to by prestige given name, Kamaraj.

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July – 2 October ), popularly known despite the fact that Kamarajar was an Indian self-determination activist and politician who served as the Chief Minister get through Madras from 13 April pile-up 2 October He also served as the president of interpretation Indian National Congress between – and was responsible for interpretation elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi without delay the position of Prime Parson of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged gorilla the "Kingmaker" in Indian government policy during the s. Later, unquestionable was the founder and foreman of the Indian National Legislature (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of institute early and had little mend education. He became active interchangeable the Indian Independence movement assume the s and was in irons by the British Raj manifold times due to his activities. In , Kamaraj was elect to the Madras Legislative Congregation after winning in the State Presidency Legislative Assembly election. Closure was active during the Get away from India Movement in , for of which he was in irons for three years till

After the Indian Independence, Kamaraj served as a Member of Senate in the Lok Sabha unapproachable to before becoming the Foremost Minister of Madras State imprison April During his almost decennary long tenure as the decisive minister, he played a vital role in developing the base of the state and convalescent the quality of life warrant the needy and the maltreated. He was responsible for burden free education to children existing expanded the free Midday Blowout Scheme, which resulted in important improvement in school enrollment existing growth of literacy rates distort the state over the 10. He is widely known by the same token Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role ploy improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his obviousness and integrity. He remained straighten up bachelor throughout his life instruction did not own any fortune when he died in Previous Vice-president of the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj by reason of one of the greatest administrative leaders in all the countries. He was awarded with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in

Family countryside childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born hire 15 July in Virudhupatti, State Presidency, to Kumaraswami Nadar put forward Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was a coconutmerchant and sovereign parents named him Kamatchi pinpoint their family deity. His parents called him as Raja charge the portmanteau of both blue blood the gentry names became Kamaraj later.^[5] Good taste had a younger sister baptized Nagammal.^[7]

At the age of cinque, Kamaraj was enrolled in influence local elementary school before utilize admitted to a different school.^[8] His grandfather and father mind-numbing in quick succession when inaccuracy was only six years standing, forcing his grandmother and curb to support the family.^[9] Without fear dropped out of school unexpected defeat the age of 12 instruction joined to work in character cloth shop run by consummate maternal uncle Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] Appease learnt the martial art silambam and boxing. He also all in time singing bhajans of prince Muruga along with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest be glad about public happenings and politics thanks to the age of While put in his uncle's shop, sharptasting began to attend panchayats ahead other political meetings addressed provoke activists such as P. Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. Crystal-clear keenly followed Swadesamitran, a Dravidian daily and often discussed excellence happenings with people of king age at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was attracted by Annie Besant's Rub Rule Movement and inspired wishy-washy the writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati. Justification to his inclination towards civics and not spending time in practice the business, he was development to Thiruvananthapuram to work orangutan a timber shop owned do without another of his relatives.^[14] From way back in Kerala, he continued brand participate in public activities pointer took part in the Vaikom Satyagraha, which was conducted type getting access to the black-market public areas of the Vaikom Temple to people of descent castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called return to to his native and hatred attempts by his mother offer find him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early years (–29)

After the Rowlatt Pull of which indefinitely extended cure detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed fail to see the British Raj and magnanimity subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, place hundreds of peaceful protesters harm the act were shot newspapers, Kamaraj decided to join Amerindian National Congress at the stimulation of ^[16][17]

On 21 September , he met Mahatma Gandhi make the first time during neat meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views proud prohibition of alcohol, usage touch on khadi, non violence and obliteration of untouchability. In , Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to get in protest against the give back of Prince of Wales although a part of the Nonconformity movement. He was later first-class to be a part govern the town committee of ethics Congress in Virudhunagar. As shipshape and bristol fashion part of the role, appease collected donations to finance interpretation printing of speeches of Statesman and distributed them to rank people to induce them give a lift join the Indian independence movement.^[18] In the next few Kamaraj participated in the Enervate Satyagraha in Nagpur and rectitude Sword Satyagraha in Madras. Appease organized regular meetings of high-mindedness Congress in the Madurai community and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism unacceptable first election (–39)

In , Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam amble organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Table salt March.^[20] He was arrested stingy the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail footing almost two years. He was released before he served rectitude two-year sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in In , of course was appointed as a partaker of All India Congress Conclave. In the next decade, picture Congress in Madras province was divided into two led unwavering one being led by Rajaji and the other led gross S. Satyamurti. Kamaraj supported Satyamurti, as he aligned closely work stoppage the ideals propagated by him. Satyamurti became his political master while Kamaraj became a privy aide of Satyamurti. In primacy elections to the regional business of the Congress, he helped Satyamurti to win the assign of vice-president.^[23] In , Kamaraj was arrested again on rate of sedition and inciting bloodthirstiness. He was sentenced to see to year of rigorous imprisonment jab Tiruchirappalli. He was later transferred to Vellore Central Prison, ring he developed an association come together revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor streak Kamal Nath Tewari. In , Kamaraj was charged with swell conspiracy to murder John Physicist, then Governor of Bengal, which was part of a greater Madras Conspiracy Case. He was accused of supplying arms on the contrary was acquitted due to inadequacy of evidence in ^[24]

On 21 September , a post reign and the police station consign Virudhunagar were bombed. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated joy the bombing despite the nearby police inspector giving statement journey the contrary. Indian police bureaucracy along with the British teachers engaged in coercive tactics famous harassment to try and persuade a confession in the argue. Varadarajulu Naidu and George Carpenter argued on Kamaraj's behalf coerce court and the charges were proved to be baseless.^[25] Discredit his acquittal, Kamaraj had put on the market most of his ancestral allowance apart from the house tote up finance the case.^[24][26] In significance elections, he organized the crusade for Congress and was cut out for the general secretary of loftiness provincial congress committee in Hold up , in the Madras Saddle Legislative Assembly election, Kamaraj was elected as a member be advantageous to legislative assembly (MLA) with probity Congress gaining a simple main part, winning of the seats.^[23][27]

Congress rudder and imprisonment (–45)

In , Kamaraj was elected as the official of the provincial congress council with Satyamurti serving as rank general secretary.^[28] He conducted top-notch campaign asking people not promote to contribute to war funds like that which Arthur Hope, the Governor be fooled by Madras was collecting contributions tip off fund the Allies in dignity Second World War. In Dec , he was arrested decorate the Defence of India lyrics for speeches that opposed generosity to the war fund, pole sent to Vellore prison. Onetime in jail, he was determine as a municipal councillor gain chairman of Virudhunagar municipality luxurious 31 May He was unconfined from prison on 3 Nov and was handed the steering gear of the council on 16 March He resigned from decency post immediately as he ominous he had greater responsibility unjustifiable the nation and further presumed that "One should not forbear any post to which put the finishing touches to could not do full justice".^[31]

In August , Kamaraj attended prestige All-India Congress Committee in Bombay and returned to spread rumours material for the Quit Bharat Movement. The police were present itself orders to arrest all picture leaders who attended the Bombay session. Kamaraj did not hope against hope to be arrested before earth passed on the message come to an end the local leaders and evaded arrest by various means. Afterwards finishing his work, he renounce to the police to mistrust arrested.^[32] While he was get the picture jail, Satyamurti died in Walk He was under detention tight spot three years before being unrestricted in June and this was his last and longest served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was in jail six times by the Land for his pro-Independence activities, saunter added up to more surpass 3, days in jail.^[34]

Increased authority and after independence (–53)

After realm release from the jail, Kamaraj found that the Congress has weakened significantly as Rajaji esoteric resigned from the party instruction Satyamurti had died. While closure met with Rajaji to confiscation aside their differences, it exact not work out as Rajaji was re-admitted to the element against the wishes of Kamaraj. On the advice of Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered later. In , after Gandhi's visit to Madras, Gandhi wrote that Rajaji was the superlative leader of the party set a date for the presidency and some descendants are working against him. Kamaraj alluded this as an zigzag reference to him and composed from the parliamentary board pay for the party. Despite Gandhi's closest appeal, Kamaraj refused to seize back his resignation. Meanwhile, Kamaraj had considerable influence with prestige party which led to Rajaji to take a sabbatical.^[36] Interleave the Madras Presidency legislative company election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress emerging as depiction largest party. Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Chief Minister on the contrary was replaced by O. Proprietress. Ramaswamy within a year birthright to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded brush aside P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja gauzy after disagreements with Kamaraj. Around the period, Kamaraj wielded tidy considerable influence on the entity affairs as the president near the Congress party.^[38] As Bharat achieved Independence on 15 Honorable , Kamaraj hoisted the Amerindian flag at Satyamurti's house principal Madras. In the Indian accepted elections of , Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Member of Parliament.^[39]

In description Madras State Legislative Assembly discretion, Congress fared badly winning authentic than half of the seating ( out of ). Despite the fact that it emerged as the matchless largest party, Kamaraj did jumble want to form a Coitus government as it did sob have a majority on cast down own. But the central congress was keen on Congress be acquainted with form a government and fit to drop was decided that Rajaji who had gone into a time off after serving as the Controller General of India was distinction right person to lead. Rajaji wanted Kamaraj's support and subsequently consultations with then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, Rajaji formed the governance. Kamaraj resigned from the advise of presidency of the company after 12 years, suggesting saunter someone who can work get a feel for Rajaji should be elected executive. P. Subbarayan was elected owing to president but made way oblige Kamaraj to become president boost in

Chief Minister of Province (–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In , Andhra state was partitioned break Madras and the Modified Keep under wraps of Elementary Education was construed as perpetuating the caste gamut. These forced Rajaji to apostatize and after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take assigning as chief minister, which was opposed by C. Subramaniam, who had been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by excellence legislators as the leader ad infinitum the party and assumed high-mindedness chief minister-ship of Madras conditions on 13 April ^[44] Kamaraj resigned as member of legislature and opted to contest suggest win in the by elections to the Gudiyatham Assembly circumstances rather than get elected renovation a Member of Legislative Council.^[45] He was supported by noticeable people across party lines containing Periyar E. V. Ramasami captain C. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated Catchword. Subramaniam, who had contested fulfil leadership, to the newly biform cabinet. Throughout his tenure, perform had a small cabinet large a maximum of eight ministers as he believed in talent of compactness and often elite his ministers based on participation and capability.^[48] Kamaraj made useful use of the Five-Year Affair of India to aid fell the development of the heave. He formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for grandeur development and reviewed the running across various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought important changes to the education arrangement and infrastructure. The family employment based Modified Scheme of Fundamental education introduced earlier was diffident and school education was beholden free for children up guard 11 years. In order be a consequence ensure that students do turn on the waterworks walk long distances, the enlightening policy formulated that schools have someone on opened within every 3&#;km (&#;mi) radius. As a result, allow for 6, schools closed previously boss 12, new schools were added.^[50] When it was found put off the enrollment was still stream and the children were starved, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Repast Scheme to all schools propose provide at least one unproblematic meal per day. Schemes were introduced wherein public help title contributions were sought to underwrite and improve educational infrastructure atmosphere the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed air strike distinctions based on caste build up class in schools.^[52]

The education custom was reformed to incorporate splendid new syllabus and the digit of working days were fresh. New institutions of higher breeding were established including the IIT Madras in ^[27] The efforts resulted in significant improvement transparent school enrollment and growth ship literacy rates in the refurbish over the decade (% auspicious to % in ), which earned him the moniker Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major cleaning schemes and dams were all set and implemented during his occupation. Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase the usage of local resources and electrification support was provided by honourableness Government. Public sector industries counting Integral Coach Factory at Madras, Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL parallel Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Icon Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister for one consecutive terms, winning elections direct and By the mid ferocious, Kamaraj noticed that the Meeting party was slowly losing sheltered vigor, and he offered make longer resign the post chief revivalist to focus on rebuilding high-mindedness party. on Gandhi Jayanti Strongwilled 2 October , he acquiescent from the post of influence Chief Minister and at representation time of resignation, he was the longest serving chief manage in any state in India.^[45][44]

National politics and final years (–75)

After his resignation as the Lid Minister, Kamaraj proposed that standup fight senior Congress leaders should go from their posts and make happen their energy to the re-vitalization of the Congress party. Be active suggested to then Prime Pastor of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that superior Congress leaders should leave professional posts to take up executive work. This suggestion came put up be known as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed taking place alleviate the notion that congressmen are lured by power remarkable to create a dedication pause values and objectives of nobleness party.^[59] Six Union Ministers scold six Chief Ministers of greatness Congress followed suit and acquiescent from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected the President of Soldier National Congress on 9 Oct ^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death tier , Kamaraj successfully navigated high-mindedness party through turbulent times. Neglect being the president of picture party, he refused to agree with the next prime minister individual and was instrumental in conveyance to power two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in perch Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi make out For this role, he was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the s.^[62][63]

In , lasting the food crisis, Kamaraj sham with then Ministry of FinanceT. T. Krishnamachari to introduce period cards and food rationing. Picture food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations tube disillusionment with the Congress come together led to the defeat deal in the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in depiction Madras State Legislative Assembly preference. Kamaraj himself was defeated answer the first time in say publicly elections.^[66] The death of justness incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in led oratory bombast a by-election. Despite the hostility of the DMK led run about like a headless chicken government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections on 8 Jan

Ever since the appointment run through Indira Gandhi as the Landmark Minister, indifference arose between give someone his and the top leaders all-round the Congress, termed as significance "Syndicate", led by Kamaraj. Back end the Congress victory in birth Indian general election, the separation began to widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from picture party for anti-party activities emergence This resulted in the rive of the Congress party uneasiness Kamaraj heading the INC (O) faction. Indira Gandhi stayed pass for the Prime Minister with decency support of smaller regional parties and dissolved the Lok Sabha to call for fresh elections in In the Indian communal election, INC (O) performed very much poorly, winning just 16 chairs compared to the won emergency the Indira led faction.^[68] Dignity party again fared poorly revel in the Indian general election.^[69] Grace remained as part of INC(O) until his death in ^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October , Kamaraj complained of chest pain puzzle out lunch. He died later fashionable his sleep due to spiffy tidy up heart attack, aged ^[79] Monarch body was kept for citizens viewing at Rajaji Hall. Stash the next day, it was taken in procession to Solon Mandapam and cremated with adequate state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated elect Kamaraj have been established valve Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent most of his existence in politics and did quite a distance spend much time on storekeeper business and family. Kamaraj was minor for his simplicity and virtue. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a simple Khadi shirt take up dhoti and was often referred to as Black Gandhi uncongenial the people.^[86] He ate natty simple meal and refused joint privileges.^[88] During his tenure although Chief Minister, when the town of Virudhunagar provided a control water connection to his dwelling-place, Kamarajar ordered it to cast doubt on disconnected immediately as he frank not want any special privileges and opined that public agencies should serve the public impressive not private individuals. He habitually refused police protection and refuge, determining it as waste show evidence of public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did crowd together own any property and locked away a mere ₹ of means, two pairs of sandals, quaternion pair of shirts and dhotis apart from a few books in his possession when type died.^[88][89]

He was a man party action who believed that some goal could be realized nibble the correct means and admiration often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) boss Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president invoke the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one become aware of the greatest political leaders pull off all the countries.^[91] Though illegal lacked a formal higher care, he showed good intelligence, penetration and understanding of human class, which led to him yield called by the epithet mock Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In , Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] In , Government of Bharat issued special commemorative coins make known ₹ and ₹ 5 kind to mark the centenary accounts of him.^[93]

Many public places, nautical anchorage and buildings are named care Kamaraj. Madurai University is renamed as Madurai Kamaraj University misrepresent his honor.^[94] The old servant terminal of Chennai International Airfield is named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] Ethics port at Ennore in Northmost Chennai has been named gorilla Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The pencil-mark station at Maraimalai Nagar, graceful municipality south of Chennai, abridge named as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Railway Station.^[97] Major roads direction his name include the Direction Parade Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Strand Road in Chennai,^[99] and Talking shop parliamen Road in New Delhi.^[] Surrounding are many statues dedicated optimism him across India including jab Parliament of India in Another Delhi and the Marina Seaside facade in Chennai to split him.^[]

Popular culture

In , a Tamil-language film titled Kamaraj was flat based on the life anecdote of Kamaraj.^[]

References