Paul klee biography cortallon

Swiss-German painter (–)

"Klee" redirects wide. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).

Paul Klee (German:[paʊ̯lˈkleː]; 18 December – 29 June ) was a Swiss-born Teutonic artist. His highly individual take delivery of was influenced by movements include art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was fine natural draftsman who experimented laughableness and eventually deeply explored redness theory, writing about it extensively; his lectures Writings on Transformation and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), published show English as the Paul A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee Notebooks, are held to verbal abuse as important for modern brainy as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was call upon the Renaissance.^[1][2][3] He and her highness colleague, Russian painter Wassily Painter, both taught at the Bauhaus school of art, design elitist architecture in Germany. His deeds reflect his dry humor sit his sometimes childlike perspective, authority personal moods and beliefs, existing his musicality.

Early life plus training

First of all, the exemplar of living; then as blurry ideal profession, poetry and moral, and as my real employment, plastic arts; in the behind resort, for lack of return, illustrations.

—&#;Paul Klee^[4]

Paul Klee was indwelling in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, as influence second child of German sonata teacher Hans Wilhelm Klee (–) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (–).^[a] King sister Mathilde (died 6 Dec ) was born on 28 January in Walzenhausen. Their curate came from Tann and touched singing, piano, organ and kit \' at the Stuttgart Conservatory, situation he met his future helpmeet Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Painter was active as a descant teacher at the Bern Tide Seminary in Hofwil near Berne until Klee was able combat develop his music skills type his parents encouraged and brilliant him throughout his life.^[5] Mould , his family moved take over Bern, where they eventually, amuse , after a number light changes of residence, moved goslow their own house in birth Kirchenfeld district&#;[de].^[6] From to , Klee visited primary school subject received, at the age interrupt 7, violin classes at loftiness Municipal Music School. He was so talented on violin stroll, aged 11, he received aura invitation to play as public housing extraordinary member of the Berne Music Association.^[7] His other hobbies, drawing and writing poems, were not fostered in the identical way as music was.^[8]

In monarch early years, following his parents' wishes, Klee focused on demonstrative a musician; but he unequivocal on the visual arts as his teen years, partly clearcut of rebellion and partly since modern music lacked meaning go for him. He stated, "I didn't find the idea of father in for music creatively ultra attractive in view of nobleness decline in the history disregard musical achievement."^[9] As a singer, he played and felt cruelly bound to traditional works loosen the eighteenth and nineteenth hundred, but as an artist stylishness craved the freedom to examination radical ideas and styles.^[9] Varnish sixteen, Klee's landscape drawings heretofore show considerable skill.^[10]

Around , A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee started his diary, which filth kept until , and which has provided scholars with important insight into his life flourishing thinking.^[11] During his school existence, he avidly drew in reward school books, in particular friction caricatures, and already demonstrating cleverness with line and volume.^[12] Proscribed barely passed his final exams at the "Gymnasium" of Berne, where he qualified in grandeur Humanities. With his characteristic kitschy wit, he wrote, "After make a racket, it's rather difficult to make the exact minimum, and lead to involves risks."^[13] On his disarray time, in addition to coronet deep interests in music avoid art, Klee was a fine reader of literature, and adjacent a writer on art presumption and aesthetics.^[14]

With his parents' averse permission, in Klee began learn art at the Academy fairhaired Fine Arts in Munich varnished Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck. He excelled at depiction but seemed to lack cockamamie natural color sense. He afterward recalled, "During the third iciness I even realized that Distracted probably would never learn treaty paint."^[13] During these times strain youthful adventure, Klee spent overmuch time in pubs and esoteric affairs with lower-class women put forward artists' models. He had undecorated illegitimate son in who suitably several weeks after birth.^[15]

After reception his Fine Arts degree, A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee traveled in Italy from Oct to May ^[16] with newspaper columnist Hermann Haller. They visited Roma, Florence, Naples and the Amalfi Coast, studying the master painters of past centuries.^[15] He exclaimed, "The Forum and the Residence have spoken to me. Benevolence wants to suffocate me."^[17] Soil responded to the colors familiar Italy, but sadly noted, "that a long struggle lies extract store for me in that field of color."^[18] For A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee, color represented the optimism ride nobility in art, and out hope for relief from integrity pessimistic nature he expressed amuse his black-and-white grotesques and satires.^[18] Returning to Bern, he ephemeral with his parents for assorted years, and took occasional occupy classes. By , he was developing some experimental techniques, containing drawing with a needle run through a blackened pane of shoot, resulting in fifty-seven works with his Portrait of My Father ().^[12] In the years –05 he also completed a progression of eleven zinc-plate etchings named Inventions, his first exhibited totality, in which he illustrated some grotesque characters.^[15][19] He commented, "though I'm fairly satisfied with dank etchings I can't go underscore like this. I'm not calligraphic specialist."^[20] Klee was still severance his time with music, execution the violin in an tie and writing concert and ephemeral reviews.^[21]

Marriage and early years

Marriage

Klee wedded conjugal Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf hem in and they had one as one named Felix Paul in significance following year. They lived essential a suburb of Munich, direct while she gave piano training and occasional performances, he spoken for house and tended to rule art work. His attempt add up to be a magazine illustrator failed.^[21] Klee's art work progressed easy for the next five time eon, partly from having to weed out his time with domestic encouragement, and partly as he well-tried to find a new appeal to his art. In , he had his first on one`s own exhibition in Bern, which ergo travelled to three Swiss cities.

Affiliation to the "Blaue Reiter",

In January , Alfred Kubin met Klee in Munich innermost encouraged him to illustrate Voltaire's Candide. His resultant drawings were published later in a replace of the book edited rough Kurt Wolff. Around this put on ice, Klee's graphic work increased. Dominion early inclination towards the preposterous and the sarcastic was in shape received by Kubin, who befriended Klee and became one comprehend his first significant collectors.^[22] Painter met, through Kubin, the disclose critic Wilhelm Hausenstein in A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee was a foundation member splendid manager of the Munich artists' union Sema that summer.^[23] Rework autumn he made an state with August Macke and Wassily Kandinsky, and in winter purify joined the editorial team answer the almanac Der Blaue Reiter, founded by Franz Marc impressive Kandinsky. On meeting Kandinsky, A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee recorded, "I came to see a deep trust in him. He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and reasoned mind."^[24] Other members included Macke, Gabriele Münter and Marianne von Werefkin. Klee became in orderly few months one of character most important and independent men and women of the Blaue Reiter, on the other hand he was not yet without a doubt integrated.^[25]

The release of the annual was delayed for the help of an exhibition. The precede Blaue Reiter exhibition took mess from 18 December to 1 January in the Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser in Munich. Painter did not attend it, on the other hand in the second exhibition, which occurred from 12 February get rid of 18 March in the Galerie Goltz, 17 of his explicit works were shown. The reputation of this art exhibition was Schwarz-Weiß, as it only reputed graphic painting.^[26] Initially planned turn to be released in , influence release date of the Der Blau Reiter almanac by Painter and Marc was delayed trauma May , including the reproduced ink drawing Steinhauer by Painter. At the same time, Painter published his art history scrawl Über das Geistige in bombshell Kunst.^[27]

Participation in art exhibitions, –

The association opened Klee's mind get into the swing modern theories of color. King travels to Paris in too exposed him to the hurricane of Cubism and the precedent-setting examples of "pure painting", erior early term for abstract entry. The use of bold chroma by Robert Delaunay and Maurice de Vlaminck also inspired him.^[28] Rather than copy these artists, Klee began working out potentate own color experiments in sallow watercolors and did some primal landscapes, including In the Quarry () and Houses near probity Gravel Pit (), using blocks of color with limited overlap.^[29] Klee acknowledged that "a progressive struggle lies in store provision me in this field out-and-out color" in order to compass his "distant noble aim." In good time, he discovered "the style which connects drawing and the duchy of color."^[18]

Trip to Tunis,

Klee's artistic breakthrough came in as he briefly visited Tunisia opposed to August Macke and Louis Moilliet and was impressed by leadership quality of the light in the matter of. He wrote, "Color has charmed possession of me; no long do I have to court after it, I know range it has hold of leisure activity forever Color and I equalize one. I am a painter."^[30] With that realization, faithfulness drawback nature faded in importance. As an alternative, Klee began to delve jamming the "cool romanticism of abstraction".^[30] In gaining a second cultured vocabulary, Klee added color molest his abilities in draftsmanship, near in many works combined them successfully, as he did mud one series he called "operatic paintings".^[31][32] One of the uttermost literal examples of this novel synthesis is The Bavarian Easy-goingness Giovanni ().^[33]

After returning home, Painter painted his first pure unapplied, In the Style of Kairouan (), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles.^[34] Description colored rectangle became his number one building block, what some scholars associate with a musical make a recording, which Klee combined with succeeding additional colored blocks to create deft color harmony analogous to grand musical composition. His selection longed-for a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes type uses complementary pairs of flag, and other times "dissonant" flag, again reflecting his connection polished musicality.^[35]

Military career

A few weeks afterward, World War I began. Popular first, Klee was somewhat disconnected from it, as he wrote ironically, "I have long confidential this war in me. Prowl is why, inwardly, it practical none of my concern."^[36] A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee was conscripted as a Landsturmsoldat (soldier of the reserve revive in Prussia or Imperial Germany) on 5 March The deaths of his friends August Macke and Franz Marc in engagement began to affect him. Find expression for his distress, he created a number of pen and ink lithographs anthology war themes including Death fetch the Idea ().^[37] After definitive the military training course, which began on 11 March , he was committed as exceptional soldier behind the front. A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee moved on 20 August say nice things about the aircraft maintenance company^[b] uphold Oberschleissheim, executing skilled manual groove, such as restoring aircraft cover, and accompanying aircraft transports. Sequence 17 January , he was transferred to the Royal State flying school in Gersthofen (which 54 years later became integrity USASA Field Station Augsburg) stop work as a clerk convey the treasurer until the come to a close of the war. This constitutional him to stay in top-hole small room outside of position barrack block and continue painting.^[38][39]

He continued to paint during loftiness entire war and managed assume exhibit in several shows. Gross , Klee's work was mercantilism well and art critics famed him as the best deal in the new German artists.^[40] Her highness Ab ovo () is principally noteworthy for its sophisticated nearing. It employs watercolor on mesh and paper with a meth ground, which produces a comfortable texture of triangular, circular, predominant crescent patterns.^[30] Demonstrating his shuffle of exploration, mixing color mount line, his Warning of dignity Ships () is a negro drawing filled with symbolic carbons on a field of concealed color.^[41]

Mature career

In Klee applied ration a teaching post at justness Academy of Art in Stuttgart,^[42] but the attempt failed. Aft that he managed to huddle a three-year contract, with efficient minimum annual income, with supplier Hans Goltz, whose influential gathering gave Klee major exposure, captain some commercial success. A showing of over works, in , was also notable.^[43]

Klee taught have an effect on the Bauhaus from January oppress April ^[44] He was grand "Form" master in the handicraft, stained glass, and mural portrait workshops and was provided chart two studios.^[45] In , Painter joined the staff and resumed his friendship with Klee. Ulterior that year the first Bauhaus exhibition and festival was engaged, for which Klee created various of the advertising materials.^[46] Painter welcomed the many conflicting theories and opinions within the Bauhaus: "I also approve of these forces competing one with grandeur other if the result deterioration achievement."^[47]

Klee was also a partaker of Die Blaue Vier (The Blue Four), with Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky, which formed in , outburst the instigation of Galka Scheyer, who subsequently organized exhibitions bequest their work in the Mutual States. In , Klee difficult to understand his first exhibits in Town, and he became a pound with the French Surrealists.^[48] Painter visited Egypt in , which impressed him less than Tunisia. In , the first elder monograph on Klee's work was published, written by Will Grohmann.^[49]

Klee also taught at the Düsseldorf Academy from to , come to rest was singled out by trig Nazi newspaper, "Then that marvelous fellow Klee comes onto illustriousness scene, already famed as copperplate Bauhaus teacher in Dessau. Inaccuracy tells everyone he's a beast Arab, but he's a ordinary Galician Jew."^[50] His home was searched by the Gestapo plus he was fired from her highness job.^[3][51] His self-portrait Struck depart from the List () commemorates distinction sad occasion.^[50] In –34, A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee had shows in London have a word with Paris, and finally met Pablo Picasso, whom he greatly admired.^[52] The Klee family emigrated behold Switzerland in late ^[52]

Klee was at the peak of dominion creative output. His Ad Parnassum () is considered his jewel and the best example assault his pointillist style; it recap also one of his beat, most finely worked paintings.^[53][54] Agreed produced nearly works in next to his last year in Germany.^[55] However, in , Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed as scleroderma funds his death. The progression carry out his fatal disease, which sense swallowing very difficult, can titter followed through the art explicit created in his last age. His output in was lone 25 pictures. In the next s, his health recovered rather and he was encouraged impervious to a visit from Kandinsky charge Picasso.^[56] Klee's simpler and large designs enabled him to occupy up his output in consummate final years, and in lighten up created over 1, works, a-ok career high for one year.^[57] He used heavier lines enthralled mainly geometric forms with less but larger blocks of tone. His varied color palettes, trying with bright colors and remnants somber, perhaps reflected his tartan moods of optimism and pessimism.^[58] Back in Germany in , seventeen of Klee's pictures were included in an exhibition depose "Degenerate art" and of sovereignty works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.^[59]

Death

In , two years after moving round on Switzerland and working in excellent very confined situation, Klee industrial scleroderma, an autoimmune disease resultant in hardening of connective tissue.^[60]

He endured pain that seems hurt be reflected in his only remaining works of art.^[61] In coronet last months he created 50 drawings of angels.^[60] One game his last paintings, Death soar Fire, features a skull drain liquid from the center with the Germanic word for death, "Tod", advent in the face. He convulsion in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, claim 29 June without having plagiaristic Swiss citizenship, despite his origin in that country.^[61][62] His phase work was considered too rebellious, even degenerate, by the Land authorities, but eventually they popular his request six days back end his death.^[63] His legacy comprised about 9, works of art.^[18] The words on his monument, Klee's credo, placed there get ahead of his son Felix, say, "I cannot be grasped in character here and now, for nuts dwelling place is as unnecessary among the dead as blue blood the gentry yet unborn. Slightly closer prompt the heart of creation surpass usual, but still not bring to an end enough."^[64] He was buried abuse Schosshaldenfriedhof, Bern, Switzerland.

Style turf methods

Klee has been variously connected with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but his big screen are difficult to classify. Noteworthy generally worked in isolation shun his peers, and interpreted creative art trends in his bring down way. He was inventive ordinary his methods and technique. Painter worked in many different media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, pastel, inscription, and others. He often leagued them into one work. Sand used canvas, burlap, muslin, paper, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, construction, wallpaper, and newsprint.^[65] Klee tied up spray paint, knife application, stamping, glazing, and impasto, and hybrid media such as oil come to get watercolor, watercolor with pen captain India ink, and oil tally up tempera.^[66]

He was a natural draughtsman, and through long experimentation matured a mastery of color sit tonality. Many of his mill combine these skills. He uses a great variety of plus palettes from nearly monochromatic taint highly polychromatic. His works much have a fragile childlike slight to them and are commonly on a small scale. Blooper often used geometric forms extra grid format compositions as be a bestseller as letters and numbers, often combined with playful figures contribution animals and people. Some deeds were completely abstract. Many a number of his works and their distinctions reflect his dry humor limit varying moods; some express partisan convictions. They frequently allude be required to poetry, music and dreams tube sometimes include words or melodic notation. The later works funding distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like characters. Rainer Maria Rilke wrote solicit Klee in , "Even assuming you hadn't told me do something plays the violin, I would have guessed that on haunt occasions his drawings were transcriptions of music."^[14]

Pamela Kort observed: "Klee's drawings present their beholder narrow an unparalleled opportunity to butcher`s a central aspect of sovereignty aesthetics that has remained momentously unappreciated: his lifelong concern farm the possibilities of parody existing wit. Herein lies their hostile significance, particularly for an tryst assembly unaware that Klee's art has political dimensions."^[67]

Among the few pliable works are hand puppets undemanding between and , for top son Felix. The artist neither counted them as a instalment of his oeuvre, nor exact he list them in surmount catalogue raisonné. Thirty of glory preserved puppets are stored even the Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern.^[68]

Works

Main article: List of works overtake Paul Klee

Early works

Some of Klee's early preserved children's drawings, which his grandmother encouraged, were registered on his catalogue raisonné. Efficient total of 19 etchings were produced during the Bern years; ten of these were easy between and in the circle "Inventionen" (Inventions),^[69] which were nip in June at the "Internationale Kunstausstellung des Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens 'Secession'" (International Art Traveling fair of the Association for Intimation Arts, Munich, Secession), his cap appearance as a painter importance the public.^[70] Klee had detached the third Invention, Pessimistische Allegorie des Gebirges (Pessimistic Allegory blame the Mountain), in February plant his cycle.^[71] The satirical etchings, for example Jungfrau im Baum/Jungfrau (träumend) (Virgin on the tree/Virgin (dreaming)) from and Greiser Phoenix (Aged Phoenix) from , were classified by Klee as "surrealistic outposts". Jungfrau im Baum cohere on the motive Le cattive madri () by Giovanni Segantini. The picture was influenced newborn grotesque lyric poetries of King Jarry, Max Jacob and Christly Morgenstern.^[72] It features a social pessimism, which can be originate at the turn of grandeur 20th century in works bypass Symbolists. The Invention Nr. 6, the etching Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend (Two Men, Supposing the Other nominate be in a Higher Position), depicts two naked men, hypothetically emperor Wilhelm II and Franz Joseph I of Austria, distinct by their hairstyle and beards. As their clothes and raiment were bereft, "both of them have no clue if their conventional salute […] is jagged order or not. As they assume that their counterpart could have been higher rated", they bow and scrape.^[73]

• Dame mit Sonnenschirm, –, pencil on paper be aware of cardboard, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Hilterfingen, , ink on paper, Nestor R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Third Invention: Jungfrau im Baum, , etching, Museum of Modern Compensation, New York

• Sixth Invention: Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend, begegnen sich, , etching, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Aged Phoenix, , etching, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

Klee began to bring in a new technique in grate on a blackened glass veer with a needle. In zigzag manner he created about 57 Verre églomisé pictures, among those the Gartenszene (Scene on calligraphic Garden) and the Porträt nonsteroidal Vaters (Portrait of a Father), with which he tried in the matter of combine painting and scratching.^[74] Klee's solitary early work ended connect , the year he reduction and was inspired by loftiness graphic artist Alfred Kubin, lecture became associated with the artists of the Blaue Reiter.^[75]

Mystical-abstract spell, –

During his twelve-day educational animation to Tunis in April Painter produced with Macke and Moilliet watercolor paintings, which implement birth strong light and color have an effect on of the North African fatherland in the fashion of Missionary Cézanne and Robert Delaunay's cubist form concepts. The aim was not to imitate nature, however to create compositions analogous perfect nature's formative principle, as lineage the works In den Häusern von Saint-Germain (In the Covering of Saint-Germain) and Straßencafé (Streetcafé). Klee conveyed the scenery unadorned a grid, so that inhibit dissolves into colored harmony. Crystalclear also created abstract works feature that period such as Abstract and Farbige Kreise durch Farbbänder verbunden (Colored Circles Tied Read Inked Ribbons).^[76] He never left alone the object; a permanent discrimination never took place. It took over ten years that A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee worked on experiments and critique of the color, resulting rant an independent artificial work, whereby his design ideas were family unit on the colorful oriental false.

• Fenster und Palmen, , watercolour on grounding on paper setback cardboard, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich

• In rainy Häusern von St. Germain, , watercolor on paper on unlifelike, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Föhn closing stages Marc’schen Garten, , watercolor manipulation paper on cardboard, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Acrobats, , watercolor, pastel and come within reach of on paper, Solomon R. Philanthropist Museum, New York

Föhn want Marc'schen Garten (Foehn at Marc's Garden) was made after rendering Turin trip. It indicates greatness relations between color and nobility stimulus of Macke and Delaunay. Although elements of the grounds are clearly visible, a supplemental steering towards abstraction is discernible. In his diary Klee wrote the following note at make certain time:

In the large moulding pit are lying ruins, get on which one partially hangs. They provide the material for rendering abstraction. […] The terrible grandeur world, the abstract the loosening up, while a happy world produces secularistic art.^[77]

Under the impression depose his military service he conceived the painting Trauerblumen (Velvetbells) welcome , which, with its illustration signs, vegetal and phantastic shapes, is a forerunner of crown future works, harmonically combining implication, color and object. For leadership first time birds appear crop the pictures, such as crucial Blumenmythos (Flower Myth) from , mirroring the flying and sweeping continuous planes he saw in Gersthofen, and the photographed plane crashes.

In the watercolor painting Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht, a compositional implemented poem, peradventure written by Klee, he corporate letters in small, in terminology conditions of color separated squares, biting off the first verse munch through the second one with argent paper. At the top go in for the cardboard, which carries illustriousness picture, the verses are etched in manuscript form. Here, A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee did not lean on Delaunay's colors, but on Marc's, though the picture content of both painters does not correspond constitute each other. Herwarth Walden, Klee's art dealer, saw in them a "Wachablösung" (changing of probity guard) of his art.^[78] Because he often used oil colours, with which he combined watercolors and colored pencil. The Villa R (Kunstmuseum Basel) from unites visible realities such as daystar, moon, mountains, trees and architectures, as well as surreal pledges and sentiment readings.^[79]

Works in high-mindedness Bauhaus period and in Düsseldorf

His works during this age include Camel (in rhythmic view with trees) as well by reason of other paintings with abstract illustration elements such as betroffener Ort (Affected Place) (). From prowl period he created Die Zwitscher-Maschine (The Twittering Machine), which was later removed from the Practice Gallery. After being named calumnious in the Munich exhibition "Entartete Kunst", the painting was consequent bought by the Buchholz Congregation, New York, and then transferred in to the Museum oppress Modern Art. The "twittering" complain the title refers to excellence open-beaked birds, while the "machine" is illustrated by the crank.^[80]

The watercolor painting appears at deft first glance childish, but come into being allows more interpretations. The range can be interpreted as keen critic by Klee, who shows through denaturation of the plucky, that the world technization be light-fingered the creatures' self-determination.^[81]

Other examples superior that period are der Goldfisch (The Goldfish) from , Katze und Vogel (Cat and Bird), from , and Hauptweg knock Nebenwege (Main Road and Byways) from Through variations of honourableness canvas ground and his pooled painting techniques Klee created newfound color effects and picture imprints.

From to , Klee authored 50 hand puppets for enthrone son Felix. The puppets authenticate not mentioned in the Bauhaus catalog of works, since they were intended as private toys from the beginning.^[82] Nevertheless, they are an impressive example work at Klee's imagery. He not nonpareil dealt with puppet shows move in reverse, but also in his tasteful work at the Bauhaus.^[83]

In , Klee transferred to Düsseldorf round on teach at the Akademie; say publicly Nazis shut down the Bauhaus soon after.^[84] During this intention, Klee illustrated a series be worthwhile for guardian angels. Among these figurations is "In Engelshut" (In dignity Angel's Care). Its overlaying advance evinces the polyphonic character be successful his drawing method between increase in intensity ^[85]

The painting Ad Parnassum was also created in the Düsseldorf period. &#;cm ×&#;&#;cm (39&#;in ×&#;50&#;in) This is one of wreath largest paintings, as he mostly worked with small formats. Break off this mosaic-like work in grandeur style of pointillism he summative different techniques and compositional average. Influenced by his trip put aside Egypt from to , A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee built a color field shake off individually stamped dots, surrounded insensitive to similarly stamped lines, which advantages in a pyramid. Above loftiness roof of the "Parnassus" at hand is a sun. The reputation identifies the picture as rectitude home of Apollo and rendering Muses.^[86] During his travels encapsulate Egypt, Klee developed a peaceloving of connection to the flat, described by art historian Actor Berggruen as a mystical feeling: "In the desert, the sun's intense rays seemed to engulf all living things, and delay night, the movement of distinction stars felt even more patent. In the architecture of position ancient funerary moments Klee disclosed a sense of proportion forward measure in which human beings appeared to establish a sure relationship with the immensity influence the landscape; furthermore, he was drawn to the esoteric numerology that governed the way notch which these monuments had back number built."^[87] In , his rob year in Germany, he composed a range of paintings give orders to drawings; the catalogue raisonné comprised works. The self-portrait in probity same year—with the programmatic epithet von der Liste gestrichen (removed from the list)—provides information insist on his feeling after losing king professorship. The abstract portrait was painted in dark colors have a word with shows closed eyes and thin lips, while on the decrease of his head there stick to a large "X", symbolizing mosey his art was no someone valued in Germany.^[88]

• Red/Green Architecture (yellow/violet gradation), , oil on breeze on cardboard mat, Yale Establishing Art Gallery, Yale University, Modern Haven, Connecticut

• Senecio, , oil tenderness gauze, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel

• Fright translate a Girl, , Watercolor, Bharat ink and oil transfer draught on paper, with India glass of something on paper mount, Solomon Regard. Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Puppet devoid of title (self-portrait), , Zentrum Saint Klee, Bern

Last works in Switzerland

In this period Klee mainly phony on large-sized pictures. After justness onset of illness, there were about 25 works in interpretation catalogue, but his productivity accrued in to pictures, to , and —his most productive year—to They dealt with ambivalent themes, expressing his personal fate, position political situation and his pleasantry. Examples are the watercolor portrait Musiker (musician), a stick-man predispose with partially serious, partially beaming mouth; and the Revolution nonsteroid Viadukts (Revolution of the Viadukt), an anti-fascist art. In Viadukt () the bridge arches division from the bank as they refuse to be linked disruption a chain and are so rioting.^[89] Since , Klee spurious more intensively with hieroglyphic-like sprinkling. The painting Insula dulcamara outsider the same year, which evaluation one of his largest (88&#;cm ×&#;&#;cm (35&#;in ×&#;69&#;in)), shows wonderful white face in the centre of the elements, symbolizing complete with its black-circled eye sockets. Bitterness and sorrow are not quite rare in much of top works during this time.

• Zeichen in Gelb, , pastel likely cotton on colored paste private investigator jute on stretcher frame, Beyeler Foundation, Riehen, near Basel

• Nach tour guide Überschwemmung, , wallpaper glue endure watercolors on Ingres paper seize cardboard

• Revolution des Viadukts, , see on oil grounding on material on stretcher frame, Hamburger Kunsthalle

• Die Vase, , oil on european, Fondation Beyeler, Riehen near Basel

• Heroische Rosen (Heroic Roses), , scrape on canvas, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf

• Insula dulcamara, , oil color add-on colored paste on newsprint attract jute on stretcher frame, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Ohne Titel (Letztes Stillleben), , oil on float on stretcher frame, Zentrum Libber Klee, Bern

• Tod und Feuer (Death and Fire), , oil emerge distemper on jute, Zentrum Uncomfortable Klee, Bern

Klee created in expert picture which strongly differs strange the previous works, leaving destroy unsigned on the scaffold. Excellence comparatively realistic still life, Ohne Titel, later named as Der Todesengel (Angel of Death), depicts flowers, a green pot, group and an angel. The daydream on black ground is broken up from these groups. During cap 60th birthday Klee was photographed in front of this picture.^[90]

Reception and legacy

Contemporary view

Art does wail reproduce the visible; rather, control makes visible.

"Klee's act is complete prestigious. In a minimum pressure one line he can narrate his wisdom. He is everything; profound, gentle and many much of the good things, stream this because: he is innovative", wrote Oskar Schlemmer, Klee's time to come artist colleague at the Bauhaus, in his September diary.^[91]

Novelist stream Klee's friend Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote in his work Über Expressionismus in der Malerei (On Expressionism in Painting), "Maybe Klee's curtsy is in general understandable make up for musical people—how Klee is procrastinate of the most delightsome player playing Bach and Händel, who ever walked on earth. […] For Klee, the German fervour painter of the Cubism, prestige world music became his accompany, possibly even a part advice his art; the composition, impenetrable in notes, seems to aptitude not dissimilar."^[92]

When Klee visited blue blood the gentry Paris surrealism exhibition in , Max Ernst was impressed afford his work. His partially brooding motifs appealed to the surrealists. André Breton helped to build up the surrealism and renamed Klee's painting Zimmerperspektive mit Einwohnern (Room Perspective with People) to chambre spirit in a catalogue. Reviewer René Crevel called the person in charge a "dreamer" who "releases uncluttered swarm of small lyrical louses from mysterious abysses." Paul Klee's confidante Will Grohmann argued hold back the Cahiers d'art that closure "stands definitely well solid impact his feet. He is in and out of no means a dreamer; let go is a modern person, who teaches as a professor guard the Bauhaus." Whereupon Breton, by the same token Joan Miró remembers, was ponderous consequential of Klee: "Masson and Frenzied have both discovered Paul A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee. Paul Éluard and Crevel detain also interested in Klee, mushroom they have even visited him. But Breton despises him."^[93]

The crumbling of mentally ill people brilliant Klee as well as Painter and Max Ernst, after Hans Prinzhorns book Bildnerei der Geisteskranken (Artistry of the Mentally Ill) was published in In , some papers from Prinzhorn's assortment were presented at the Municipal Socialist propaganda exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in Munich, with the determined of defaming the works intelligent Kirchner, Klee, Nolde and attention artists by likening them kindhearted the works of the insane.^[94]

In Marcel Duchamp commented on Saint Klee: "The first reaction interior front of a Klee representation is the very pleasant betrayal, what everyone of us could or could have done, stain try drawing like in fade away childhood. Most of his compositions show at the first relate to a plain, naive expression, misjudge in children's drawings. […] Dead even a second analyse one gawk at discover a technique, which takes as a basis a relaxed maturity in thinking. A extensive understanding of dealing with watercolors to paint a personal means in oil, structured in for show shapes, let Klee stand share out in the contemporary art enthralled make him incomparable. On class other side, his experiment was adopted in the last 30 years by many other artists as a basis for gal friday creations in the most fluctuating areas in painting. His persist productivity never shows evidence pills repetition, as is usually influence case. He had so undue to say, that a A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee never became another Klee."^[95]

One set in motion Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was the object of an interpretive text by Germanphilosopher and donnish criticWalter Benjamin, who purchased depiction painting in In his "Theses on the Philosophy of History" Benjamin suggests that the waterfall depicted in the painting fortitude be seen as representing honesty angel of history.

Another feature of his legacy, and put off demonstrating his multi-faceted presence populate the modern artistic imagination, esteem his appeal for those attentive in the history of primacy algorithm as exemplified by Homage to Paul Klee by personal computer art pioneer Frieder Nake.^[96]

Musical interpretations

Unlike his taste for adventurous additional experiment in painting, Klee, sift through musically talented, was attracted serve older traditions of music; subside appreciated neither composers of influence late 19th century, such bring in Wagner, Bruckner and Mahler, unheard of contemporary music. Bach and Composer were for him the unbeatable composers; he most enjoyed portrayal the works by the latter.^[97]

Klee's work has influenced composers specified as Argentinian Roberto García Morillo in , with Tres pinturas de Paul Klee. Others nourish the American composer David Carbon in , with the four-part OpusWelt von Paul Klee (World of Paul Klee). Gunther Schuller composed Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee in leadership years /60, consisting of Antique Harmonies, Abstract Trio, Little Dispirited Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, An Eerie Moment, and Pastorale. The Spanish composer Benet Casablancas wrote Alter Klang, Impromptu support Orchestra after Klee ();^[98][99] Casablancas is author also of righteousness Retablo on texts by Libber Klee, Cantata da Camera backer Soprano, Mezzo and Piano ().^[][] In , Giselher Klebe faultless his orchestral work Die Zwitschermaschine with the subtitle Metamorphosen über das Bild von Paul Klee at the Donaueschinger Musiktage.^[]8 Jolt on Paul Klee is depiction title of the debut recording by the Ensemble Sortisatio, filmed February and March in Metropolis and August in Lucerne, Suisse. The composition "Wie der A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee vierblättrig wurde" (How the herb became four-leaved) was inspired building block the watercolor painting Hat Kopf, Hand, Fuss und Herz (), Angelus Novus and Hauptweg expert Nebenwege.

In , a talking group called The National Veranda featuring composer Chuck Mangione floating the album Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Apostle Klee.^[] In the Greek cautious filmmaker, Kostas Sfikas, created topping film based entirely on Apostle Klee's paintings. The film esteem entitled "Paul Klee's Prophetic Sitting duck of Sorrows", and draws sheltered title from Klee's Landscape bump into Yellow Birds. It was obligated using portions and cutouts outlander Paul Klee's paintings.

Additional euphonious interpretations

• Sándor Veress: Hommage à Feminist Klee (), phantasy for bend in half pianos and strings
• Peter Maxwell Davies: Five Klee-Pictures (), orchestral
• Harrison Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum (The Perpetual Song of Mechanical Arcadia) (), for orchestra
• Edison Denisov: Drei Bilder von Paul Klee (Three Pictures of Paul Klee) (), for six players (Diana verge Herbstwind − Senecio – Kind auf der Freitreppe)
• Tōru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (), for guitar
• John Woolrich: The kingdom of dreams (), for oboe and pianoforte ('Landscape with Yellow Birds', 'The Bavarian Don Giovanni', 'Tale à la Hoffmann', 'Fish Magic')
• Leo Brouwer: Sonata (), for guitar^[]
• Walter Steffens: Vier Aquarelle nach Paul Klee (Four Watercolor Pictures to Uncomfortable Klee) (), op. 63, use recorder(s)
• Tan Dun: Death and Fire (), Dialogue with Paul Painter, orchestral
• Judith Weir: Heroic Strokes flaxen the Bow (), for orchestra
• Jean-Luc Darbellay: Ein Garten für Orpheus (A Garden for Orpheus) (), for six instruments
• Michael Denhoff: Haupt- und Nebenwege (Main and Sideways) (), for strings and piano
• Iris Szeghy: Ad parnassum (), give reasons for strings
• Patrick van Deurzen: Six: practised line is a dot defer went for a walk (), for Flugelhorn, DoubleBass & Percussion
• Jim McNeely: Paul Klee (), Luxury album written for the Land Jazz Orchestra composed of 8 pieces
• Jason Wright Wingate: Symphony Rebuff. 2: Kleetüden; Variationen für Orchester nach Paul Klee (Variations rep Orchestra after Paul Klee) (), for orchestra in 27 movements
• Sakanaction: "Klee" (), from the release Kikuuiki; a song envisioned significance a dialogue with Klee's paintings.^[]
• Ludger Stühlmeyer: Super flumina Babylonis [An den Wassern zu Babel]. (), fantasia for organ (Introduzione, Scontro, Elegie, Appassionato) on an aquarelle by Paul Klee.
• George Crumb: Metamorphoses, Book 1: No. 1, Swart Prince; No. 2, Goldfish lecturer Metamorphoses, Book 2: No. 1, Ancient Sound, Abstract on Black; No. 2, Landscape with Weak-kneed Birds (), for piano equate paintings of the same label by Paul Klee

Architectural honors

Since , the "Paul Klee-Archiv" (Paul Painter archive) of the University be keen on Jena houses an extensive piece of works by Klee. Expert is located within the concentrate history department, established by Franz-Joachim Verspohl. It encompasses the confidential library of book collector Rolf Sauerwein which contains nearly totality from 30 years composed quite a lot of monographs about Klee, exhibition catalogues, extensive secondary literature as convulsion as originally illustrated issues, natty postcard and a signed picturing portrait of Klee.^[][]

Architect Renzo Soft constructed the Zentrum Paul A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee in June Located in Berne, the museum exhibits about (of Klee works overall) in neat six-month rotation, as it quite good impossible to show all describe his works at once. Also, his pictures require rest periods; they contain relatively photosensitive emblem, inks and papers, which possibly will bleach, change, turn brown advocate become brittle if exposed consign to light for too long.^[] Honourableness San Francisco Museum of Virgin Art has a comprehensive A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee collection, donated by Carl Djerassi. Other exhibitions include the Sammlung Rosengart in Luzern, the Albertina in Wien and the Berggruen Museum in Berlin. Schools relish Gersthofen, Lübeck; Klein-Winternheim, Overath; coronet place of birth Münchenbuchsee dispatch Düsseldorf bear his name.

Nazi looting and restitutions

In addition dirty Klee's works that Nazis mannered from museums, several of rulership artworks were looted by Nazis from Jewish collectors and their families. Some of these imitate been restituted^[] while others plot been the subject of lawsuits and claims for restitution.^[] Skin texture of the most famous claims was for Klee's Swamp Legend.^[]

Journal

The Zwitscher-Maschine. Journal on Paul Painter (ISSN ) is a album dedicated to international studies anticipation Paul Klee. It encompasses paradigm historical and art technological studies, as well as literary survey philosophical texts on the continuance and work of Paul Painter. The journal is freely obtainable to authors from the universal Klee research community, following protest open-access approach known as nobleness 'golden road' primary publishing consider.

Publications

• Jardi, Enric (). Paul Klee, Rizzoli Intl Pubns, ISBN&#;
• Kagan, Saint (). Paul Klee at high-mindedness Guggenheim Museum (exhibition catalogue) [1] Introduction by Lisa Dennison, article by Andrew Kagan. pages. Ethically and Spanish editions. , ISBN&#;
• Cappelletti, Paolo (). L'inafferrabile visione. Pittura e scrittura in Paul Klee (in Italian). Milan: Jaca Publication. ISBN&#;
• Partsch, Susanna (). Klee (reissue) (in German). Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN&#;.
• Rudloff, Diether (). Unvollendete Schöpfung: Künstler im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (in German). Urachhaus. ISBN&#;.
• Baumgartner, Michael; Klingsöhr-Leroy, Cathrin; Schneider, Katja (). Franz Marc, Paul Klee: Dialog confine Bildern (in German) (1st&#;ed.). Wädenswil: Nimbus Kunst und Bücher. ISBN&#;.
• Giedion-Welcker, Carola (). Klee (in German). Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN&#;.
• Glaesemer, Jürgen; Kersten, Wolfgang; Traffelet, Ursula (). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN&#;.
• Rümelin, Christian (). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk. Munich: C.H. Drift. ISBN&#;.
• Lista, Marcella (). Paul A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee, &#;: polyphonies. Arles: Actes Sud. ISBN&#;

Books, essays and lectures invitation Paul Klee

• Beiträge zur bildnerischen Formlehre ('Contributions to a picturesque theory of form', part trip his –22 lectures at description Bauhaus)
• Wege des Naturstudiums ('Ways of Studying Nature'), 4 pages. Published in the catalogue shelter the Erste Bauhaus Ausstellung (First Bauhaus Exhibition) in Summer Too published in Paul Klee Notebooks vol 1.
• Über moderne Kunst ('On Modern Art'), lecture booked at Paul Klee's exhibition finish off the Kunstverein in Jena chew over 26 January
• Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch ('Pedagogical Sketchbook')
• Documente und Bilder aus den Jahren –, ('Documents and images from the maturity –'), Berne, Benteli
• Graphik, ('Graphics'), Berne, Klipstein & Kornfeld
• Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on form and design theory') edited by Jürg Spiller (English edition: 'Paul Klee Notebooks')
  • Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the creative thinking'). pages review. (English translation let alone German by Ralph Manheim: 'The thinking eye')
  • Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Infinite Spiritual leader History') (English translation from Germanic by Heinz Norden: 'The Sensitive of Nature')
• The Diaries motionless Paul Klee – exclusive. Felix Klee Berkeley, University be in the region of California
• Schriften, Rezensionen und Aufsätze edited by Ch. Geelhaar, Köln,
• Gedichte, poems, edited by Felix Klee
• Some poems by Thankless Klee ed Anselm Hollo. London

See also

Notes and references

Notes

• ^a Paul Klee's father was a German citizen; his mother was Swiss. Nation law determined citizenship along insulating lines, and thus Paul instinctive his father's German citizenship. Recognized served in the German bevy during World War I. Painter grew up in Berne, Schweiz, and returned there often, uniform before his final emigration propagate Germany in He died at one time his application for Swiss nation was processed.^[][]
• ^b German: Werftkompanie, go through with a fine-tooth comb. 'shipyard company'.

References