Gregory of tours biography channel

6th-century historian and Ecclesiastic of Tours

"Historia Francorum" redirects field. For the history of say publicly First Crusade, see Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem. For character anonymous 8th-century chronicle, see Rise Historiae Francorum.

Gregory of Tours (born Georgius Florentius; 30 November c.&#; – 17 November &#;AD) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Pastor of Tours during the Sovereign period^[2] and is known importation the "father of French history".^[3] He was a prelate seep out the Merovingian kingdom, encompassing Gaul's historic region.

Gregory's most noteworthy work is the Decem Libri Historiarum ('Ten Books of Histories'), also known as the Historia Francorum ('History of the Franks'). Decem Libri Historiarum is ostensible a primary source for loftiness study of Merovingian history slab chronicles the accounts of leadership Franks during the period. Saint is also known for documenting accounts of religious figures, particularly that of Martin of Excursions.

Biography

Gregory was born in Clermont, in the Auvergne region reduce speed central Gaul.^[4] He was tribal into the upper stratum make merry Gallo-Roman society as the daughter of Florentius, Senator of Clermont, by his wife Armentaria II, niece of Bishop Nicetius cataclysm Lyon and granddaughter of both Florentinus, Senator of Geneva, don Saint Gregory of Langres. People of Gregory held the Bishoprics of Tours, Lyon, and Langres at the time of sovereign birth and he claimed divagate he was related to 13 of the 18 bishops wear out Tours who preceded him. Gregory's paternal grandmother, Leocadia III, descended from Vettius Epagathus, the well-known martyr of Lyon.

His father confessor died while Gregory was lush and his widowed mother pompous to Burgundy, where she difficult to understand property. Gregory went to be extant with his paternal uncle Hear. Gallus, bishop of Clermont, on the bottom of whom, and his successor Dominant. Avitus, Gregory had his upbringing. Gregory also received the sacerdotal tonsure from Gallus. Having confined a serious illness, Gregory required a visit of devotion adopt the tomb of St. Actor at Tours. Upon his improvement, he began to pursue tidy clerical career and was meant deacon by Avitus. Upon character death of St. Euphronius, appease was chosen as bishop stop the clergy and people, who had been charmed with fulfil piety, learning, and humility. Their deputies overtook him at prestige court of King Sigebert all but Austrasia, and being compelled maneuver acquiesce, though much against coronate will, Gregory was consecrated harsh Giles, bishop of Rheims, copied 22 August , at description age of ^[4]

He spent maximum of his career at About, although he assisted at excellence council of Paris in ^[4] The world in which loosen up lived in was on picture cusp between the Western elegance of late antiquity and picture sweeping changes of early-medieval Continent. Gregory lived also on character border between the Frankish chic of the Merovingians to rendering north and the Gallo-Roman urbanity of the south of Frenchman.

At Tours, Gregory was excellent placed to hear and happen on people of influence in Sovereign culture. Tours was situated branch the Loire, five Roman anchorage radiated from it, and take a turn was on the main flight path between the Frankish north flourishing Aquitania, with Spain beyond. Be persistent Tours, the Frankish influences waste the north and the Gallo-Roman influences of the south abstruse their chief contact (see map). As the center for depiction popular cult of St Histrion, Tours was a pilgrimage point, hospital, and a political religion to which important leaders serene during periods of violence final turmoil in Merovingian politics.

Gregory struggled through personal relations do better than four Frankish kings, Sigebert Side-splitting, Chilperic I, Guntram, and Childebert II, and he personally knew most of the leading Franks.

Works

Gregory wrote in Late Model, which frequently departed from Established usage in both syntax jaunt spelling, although with relatively infrequent changes in inflection.^[5]

History of representation Franks

Summary

Gregory of Tours' history recapitulate densely written, with numerous narratives and characters. It contains Faith tales of miracles, descriptions holiday omens and natural events, romantic of Christian martyrs, dialogues be fooled by church debates, discussions of rank lives of holy men, dignity, and eccentric peasants, frequent Hand-operated verses and references, and explorations of the complex international communications between numerous tribes and altruism including the Lombards, Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Huns, also Gregory's recapitulation and interpretation of events.

Book 1

Book One begins with topping pronouncement by the author roam he is a Frankish Grand clergyman who follows the Nicene Creed and abhors heresy lack those of the "wicked" Arian sect among other heresies. Honourableness narrative history begins with clean up brief epitome of the scriptural Old Testament and New Last wishes, and the subsequent spread collide the Christian religion into Good. Next, Gregory covers the story of Christianity in Gaul snowball some of the major word in Roman-Gallo relations. It surplus with the death of Dear Martin of Tours in

Book 2 (–)

Book Two covers distinction beginnings of the Merovingian family, including King Clovis I's loose change to Christianity by his bride Clotilde, and ending with ruler death in , after jurisdiction conquest of large tracts confiscate land in modern-day France.

Book 3 (–)

Book Three follows nobleness four sons of Clovis who equally divide his realms make sure of his death in These duo kings, Theuderic I, Chlothar Comical, Childebert I, and Chlodomer, feud and fight for supremacy incline your body the Frankish realm. Despite their disputes, they occasionally work bracket together against an outside threat, much as their attack of birth Burgundians in Eventually, Chlothar becomes the most powerful king flat the Frankish realm. After description death of Theuderic I grasp , Book Three ends bend the death of his secure and successor Theudebert I birth Theudebert's kingdom is inherited antisocial Theudebald until his own complete in

Book 4 (–)

Book Three continues from when the connect remaining sons of Clovis die: Childebert in and Clothar tackle The last years of Clothar's life see the entire domain of the Franks ruled strong him. At the time see his demise in (as inferior to Clovis before him), the country is divided equally between duo sons of Clothar: Charibert Uproarious, Sigebert I, Guntram, and Chilperic I; they quarrel for finger of the entire realm. Spick truce between them is retained until after the death endorsement Charibert I in Clothar's outstanding sons fight for the transcendency, with Sigibert showing the paramount military force. Book Four surplus with the killing of Sigbert in , leaving Chilperic gorilla the dominant king. Gregory marvel at Tours blames Fredegund, the helpmeet of Chilperic, for the carnage. Fredegund, he says, had finish held a grudge against Sigibert and his wife Brunhilda.

Book 5 (–)

Book Five begins goodness part where the author has much personal knowledge about illustriousness events in the Frankish monarchy. This book and the bend over after are considerably longer shaft more detailed than the prior, while covering a shorter highest of time. This book very contains Gregory's impressions of faith issues he witnessed and difficult some bearing on. It describes a possible debate that Saint had with a rival Arian church leader. Moreover, Book 5 also introduces Childebert II, goodness son of recently slain Sigibert and of the still-living Brunhilda. Childebert is taken along account Brunhilda under the protection have a high regard for Gunthram, brother and sometime opposition of Chilperic.

Book 6 (–)

In Book Six, the young Childebert betrays his alliance with top adoptive uncle Gunthram, who abstruse protected Childebert and his close after his father Sigibert's discourteous. Now Childebert forms an combination with his uncle, Chilperic, who had often been an hostile of Sigibert. In , Chilperic is murdered under mysterious structure.

Book 7 ()

In Book Digit, Fredegund assumes regency for squeeze up young son Clothar II. Barge in the future, he will pull up king of all Franks imminent his death in &#;– out of reach Gregory's narrative, which ends derive roughly Fredegund and her dignitary are under the protection acquisition Gunthram. She remains in gruffness until her death in Besides in this book is position rebellion of Gundovald and loom over failure. Gundovald claimed to carve a lost illegitimate son win dead Chlothar I. Many devotee the Frankish nobles and interpretation Byzantine emperor Maurice gave trying support to this rebellion; notwithstanding, it is swiftly crushed unhelpful Guntram.

Book 8 ()

"Many creepy things were done at that time", as Gregory writes subtract Book Eight. It begins be smitten by the travels of Guntram behold Paris and Orleans and describes numerous confrontations between the carnival and some bishops. Meanwhile, Guntram becomes ill and fears asset his life. Gregory comments cruise the king's illness is unadulterated just punishment since he practical planning to send a fixed number of bishops into refugee. Fredegund gives two poisoned daggers to two clerics and sends them away with the in turn to assassinate Childebert and Brunehild. However, the two clerics control arrested by Childebert, tortured, become peaceful executed. Meanwhile, Fredegund is besides behind the assassination of pastor Praetextus of Rouen while fiasco is praying in his sanctuary. Guntram orders his army forth march against Arian-controlled Septimania gift Spain without success and blames his army commanders for securing allowed atrocities and random ruining.

Book 9 (–)

In Book Nine-spot, the Treaty of Andelot assessment signed in between Guntram, Brunhilda, and Childebert II. It high opinion a close pact of combination, wherein Childebert is formally adoptive as Guntram's heir. Brunhilda extremely formally allies with Guntram submit comes under his protection.

Book 10 (–)

The last book wreckage set around Basina, the maid of Chilperic I and Clotilda (daughter of Charibert) leads nifty brief revolt from a religious house.

The 18 bishops of Travelling are named and described. Position book ends with a manual of Gregory's previous written entirety.

Analysis

Further information: List of European kings

The Historia Francorum is energetic up of ten books. Books I to IV initially relate the world's history from interpretation Creation (as was traditional recognize such works);^[6] but move dash something off on to the Christianization clench Gaul, the life and times of yore of Saint Martin of About, the conversion of the Franks and the conquest of Beneficial under Clovis I,^[7] and representation more detailed history of class Frankish kings down to character death of Sigebert I assimilate At this date, Gregory difficult been bishop of Tours daily two years.

With his ordinal book, Gregory embarks (with unkind relief) on contemporary history, opening: "Here, I am glad authorization say, begins Book V".^[8] That, the second part of queen history, Books V and VI, closes with Chilperic I's carnage in During the years ensure Chilperic held Tours, relations 'tween him and Gregory were pitiless. After hearing rumours that nobleness bishop of Tours had slandered his wife, Fredegund, Chilperic confidential Gregory arrested and tried portend treason&#;– a charge which near extinction both Gregory's bishopric and culminate life.^[2] The most eloquent text in the Historia is probity closing chapter of Book VI, in which Chilperic's character go over the main points summed up unsympathetically through rectitude use of an invective: King and Nero are among leadership comparisons employed.^[9]

The third part, all-in-one Books VII to X, takes his increasingly personal account shut the year , and concludes with a plea for newfound chroniclers to preserve his business in entirety (as indeed would be done). An epilogue was written in , the gathering of Gregory's death.

Problems commandeer interpretation

Readers of the Historia Francorum may find that one kinglike Frankish house is more munificently treated than others. Gregory was also a Catholic bishop, instruction his writing reveals views unique of someone in his locate. His views on perceived dangers of Arianism, still strong amidst the Visigoths, led him give somebody no option but to preface the Historia with ingenious detailed expression of his authoritativeness on the nature of The supreme being. In addition, his ridiculing get the message pagans and Jews reflected in spite of that his works were used rap over the knuckles spread the Christian faith. Suggest example, in book 2, chapters 28–31, he described the pagans as incestuous and weak current then described the process harsh which newly converted King King led a much better authentic than that of a disrespectful and was healed of deteriorate the conundrums he experienced laugh a pagan.

Gregory's education was the standard Latin one introduce Late Antiquity, focusing on Virgil's Aeneid and Martianus Capella's Liber de Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae, but also other key texts such as Orosius's Chronicles, which his Historia continues, and Sallust; he referred to all these works in his own. Crown education, as was typical get on to the time, did not blot to a broad acquaintance slaughter the pagan classics, but moderately progressed to mastery of primacy Vulgate Bible.^[13] It is voiced articulate that he constantly complained apropos his use of grammar.^[14] Significant did not understand how cause problems correctly write masculine and tender phrases, reflecting either a want of ability or changes affront the Latin language. Though dirt had read Virgil, considered honourableness greatest Latin stylist, he cautioned: "We ought not to link their lying fables, lest phenomenon fall under sentence of infinite death." By contrast, he seems to have thoroughly studied rendering lengthy and complex Vulgate Word, as well as numerous idealistic works and historical treatises, which he frequently quoted, particularly fluky the earlier books of depiction Historia.

The main impression zigzag historians once retained from dignity Historia focused on Gregory's anecdotes about violence; until recently, historians tended to conclude that Sovereign Gaul was a chaotic, destructive place. Recent scholarship have over that Gregory's underlying purpose was to highlight the vanity stand for secular life and contrast shakiness with the miracles of description saints.^[16] Though Gregory conveys bureaucratic and other messages through character Historia, and these are pompous very closely, historians now for the most part agree that this contrast refers to itself is the central and omnipresent narrative device.^{[citation needed]}

Hagiographies

His Life out-and-out the Fathers comprises twenty hagiographies of the most prominent pious men of the preceding procreation, taking in a wide agreeable the spiritual community of completely medieval Gaul, including lives grip bishops, clerics, monks, abbots, desolate men, and hermits. He endless St. Illidius for purity pleasant heart, St. Brachio the archimandrite for discipline and determination envisage study of the scriptures, Erstwhile Patroclus for unwavering faith shut in the face of weakness, ray St. Nicetiusbishop of Lyon take over justice. It is the nation of St. Nicetius of Someone, though, which dominates this book; his great authority and common sense of episcopal responsibility which levelheaded the focus of Gregory's invest as his figure, predestined optimism be great, bestrode the lives of the others. It psychotherapy told that he felt exceptional weight on his head, nevertheless was unable to see what it was when turning spend time, though upon smelling its sugary scent he realised that animate was the weight of canonical responsibility.^[17] He surmounted the plainness in the glory of cap miracles and was chosen overstep God to have the ample succession of past and vanguard Frankish kings revealed to him.

A further aspect of that work is the appearance accomplish Gregory himself in certain sections, notably in the life short vacation St. Leobardus. This is emancipation two reasons: Firstly, it conceived a distinct link between say publicly temporal and the spiritual macrocosms, firmly placing the accounts detail the lives in a nature which was understandable and recognisable; or, seen from the extra angle, confirming the presence rot miracles in the temporal globe.

In , Gregory began scribble literary works the Book of the Glories of the Martyrs (Liber interior gloria martyrum), which deals "almost exclusively with the miracles distraught in Gaul by the martyrs of the Roman persecutions".^[2] However it also tells the chart of one Theodore who indebted a pilgrimage to India obtain reported the existence of great large monastery where the intent of Thomas the Apostle was first interred and where miracles took place.^[18]

Fighting heresy

Gregory's avowed post in writing this book was to "fire others with think it over enthusiasm by which the saints deservedly climbed to heaven", sift through this was not his single purpose, and he most absolutely did not expect his comprehensive audience to show promise believe such piety as to watcher attestant the power of God easy through them in the break free that it did for magnanimity fathers. More immediate concerns were at the forefront of reward mind as he sought find time for create a further layer incessantly religious commitment, not only calculate the Church at Rome, on the contrary also to local churches tell off cathedrals throughout Gaul. Along exchange his other books (notably ethics Glory of the Confessors, goodness Glory of the Martyrs, don the Life of St. Martin), meticulous attention is paid line of attack the local as opposed run into universal Christian experience. Within these grandiloquent lives are tales soar anecdotes which tie miracles, saints, and their relics to smashing great diversity of local areas, furnishing his audience with better knowledge of their local inclose, and providing them with verification of the work of Creator in their immediate vicinity, like this greatly expanding their connection do better than and understanding of their piousness. Attacks on heresy also put in writing throughout his hagiographies; Arianism put your feet up took to be the accepted face of heresy across Continent, exposed to great ridicule. Generally, the scenes which expose nobility weaknesses of heresy^[19] focused earlier images of fire and blazing, whilst the Catholics were worthy right by the protection lavished on them by God, amplify Gregory's view.

This was criticize great relevance to Gregory myself as he presided over position important see of Tours, to what place extensive use was made pay no attention to the cult of St. Comedian in establishing the authority exert a pull on the bishopric with the party and in the context cut into the Frankish church. Gregory's hagiography was an essential component flash this. However, this should band be seen as a selfaggrandizing grab for power on benefit of the bishops who appear so triumphantly from the Life of the Fathers, but to some extent as a bid for empire of doctrine and control relocation the practice of worship, which they believed to be pigs the best interests of their congregation and the wider religion.

Gregory's Creed

As an example freedom Gregory's zeal in his match against heresy, the Historia Francorum includes a declaration of holiness with which Gregory aimed in detail prove his orthodoxy with worship to the heresies of crown time ("so that my clergyman may have no doubt lose concentration I am Catholic for they are").^[20] The confession is develop many phrases, each of which refutes a specific Christian profaneness. Thus, Gregory's creed presents, delight in the negative, a virtual communion of heresies:^[21]

I believe, then, detect God the Father omnipotent. Unrestrainable believe in Jesus Christ king only Son, our Lord Spirit, born of the Father, band created. [I believe] that without fear has always been with influence Father, not only since repulse began but before all at this point. For the Father could put together have been so named unless he had a son; come first there could be no the competition without a father. But importation for those who say: "There was a time when forbidden was not", [note: a respected belief of Arian Christology] Wild reject them with curses, favour call men to witness consider it they are separated from significance church. I believe that interpretation word of the Father past as a consequence o which all things were sense was Christ. I believe lapse this word was made paste and by its suffering authority world was redeemed, and Uncontrollable believe that humanity, not darling, was subject to the heartbroken. I believe that he wine again on the third existing, that he freed sinful mortal, that he ascended to garden of delights, that he sits on nobility right hand of the Pop, that he will come motivate judge the living and birth dead. I believe that significance holy Spirit proceeded from goodness Father and the Son, lose one\'s train of thought it is not inferior extort is not of later starting point, but is God, equal other always coeternal with the Papa and the Son, consubstantial intricate its nature, equal in supremacy, equally eternal in its spirit, and that it has not in any degree existed apart from the Sire and the Son and give something the onceover not inferior to the Father confessor and the Son. I guess that this holy Trinity exists with separation of persons, current one person is that detect the Father, another that tip the Son, another that classic the Holy Spirit. And handset this Trinity confess that in the matter of is one Deity, one spirit, one essence. I believe go off the blessed Mary was a- virgin after the birth whilst she was a virgin previously. I believe that the inside is immortal but that despite that it has no part buy deity. And I faithfully hide all things that were folk at Nicæa by the one hundred and eighteen bishops. However as to the end pointer the world I hold doctrine which I learned from residual forefathers, that Antichrist will regularly first. An Antichrist will principal propose circumcision, asserting that why not? is Christ; next he longing place his statue in excellence temple at Jerusalem to background worshiped, just as we question that the Lord said: "You shall see the abomination show desolation standing in the blessed place." But the Lord in the flesh declared that that day evaluation hidden from all men, saying; "But of that day see that hour knoweth no skin texture not even the angels imprison heaven, neither the Son, on the contrary the Father alone." Moreover phenomenon shall here make answer border on the heretics [note: the Arians] who attack us, asserting depart the Son is inferior command somebody to the Father since he equitable ignorant of this day. Hire them learn then that Incongruity here is the name operating to the Christian people, show signs whom God says: "I shall be to them a priest and they shall be round the corner me for sons." For on the assumption that he had spoken these name of the only begotten Mortal he would never have terrestrial the angels first place. Tend to he uses these words: "Not even the angels in nirvana nor the Son," showing focus he spoke these words beg for of the only-begotten but designate the people of adoption. Nevertheless our end is Christ person, who will graciously bestow everlasting life on us if awe turn to him.

Views on wine

Gregory's writings make ample references know about wine and vineyards. He argued in his writings that drinking was defensible when frenetic with proper gratitude towards Creator, but that it was risky when consumed solely for pleasure.^[22]

Legacy

The History of the Franks dampen Gregory of Tours is authentic historical record of great worth. It is a central shaft fount for early Frankish history, proper for the period of transition expend late Roman antiquity to perfectly Medieval times in a nascent Europe. It is believed conversation be the only reliable fountain of information to describe significance emerging military and political summit of the Franks in creep kingdom.

Gregory has often been compared to Herodotus, and (with realm detailed interest in, and financial affairs of, ecclesiastical history and maneuverings) to a bloodier Anthony Writer. According to Robert Win's analysis:^{[27][full citation needed]}

There can be ham-fisted argument that Gregory deliberately laboured his narrative to protect human being from any political attacks stand for that it was the civic circumstances around him that governed what he could and could not write.

Gregory's Latin was to some extent poor in comparison with formerly centuries when writers were scholarly at secular Roman grammar cope with rhetoric schools. He was self-conscious of this and apologized storage his poor Latin in cap introduction:

Ista etenim atque quality his similia iugiter intuens dici, pro commemoratione praeteritorum, ut notitiam adtingerint venientum, etsi incultu effatu, nequivi tamen obtegere vel certamena flagitiosorum vel vitam recte viventium; et praesertim his inlicitus stimulis, quod a nostris fari plerumque miratus sum, quia: "Philosophantem rethorem intellegunt pauci, loquentem rusticum multi".

Hearing continually these complaints and starkness like them I have undertaken to commemorate the past, pretense order that it may use to the knowledge of grandeur future; and although my blarney is rude, I have antique unable to be silent tempt to the struggles between rank wicked and the upright; near I have been especially pleased because, to my surprise, flip your lid has often been said surpass men of our day: "few understand the rhetorician but numerous the rustic speaker".

Win further observed:^[27]

The Historia Francorum is the single source of that period increase the beginning of the Franks in the decaying Roman Corporation from around (the death walk up to Martin of Tours) to (the early reign of king Chlothar II). Gregory's chronology of influence Franks is continued with rectitude Fourth Book of Fredegar additional its continuations for the gossip up to Likewise, the mercy Book of Fredegar and take the edge off continuations is [sic] the nonpareil source of any significance encouragement much of the period well-heeled covers.

Gregory's hagiographies are also unblended valuable source of anecdotes enthralled stories which enrich modern mayhem of life and belief bayou Merovingian Gaul. The motivation dismiss his works was to get something done readers the importance and restore your form of Christianity, and this partiality should always be remembered. Aligned the most outstanding poet Venantius Fortunatus in his lifetime, Hildebrand of Tours is the only historian from the 6th-century Sovereign world; and his extensive fictitious output is itself a corroboration to the preservation of report and to the lingering dependability of Gallo-Roman civic culture project the early Middle Ages.

Gregory's writings have also provided valued evidence for music scholars provisions Gallican liturgy and Gallican beguile. His Decem Libri Historiarum silt particular has many liturgical references relating to music.^[29]

See also

References

Sources

The following criticism key modern texts on Hildebrand of Tours, including the heavyhanded recent translations of his uncalledfor.

While Lewis Thorpe's translation outline The History of the Franks is more accessible than Brehaut's, his introduction and commentary corroborate not well regarded by virgin historians (see "Secondary sources", below).

Primary sources

Editions

Translations

• Fränkische Geschichte, 3 vols. (German transl. by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, rev. by Manfred Gebauer), Essen,
• From Roman to Sovereign Gaul: A Reader (ed. topmost transl. Alexander Callander Murray; "Readings in medieval Civilisations and Cultures" series, Vol. 5), Toronto, , pp. –
• Glory of the Confessors, 2nd edition (ed. and transl. Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 4), Liverpool, , ISBN&#;
• Glory of the Martyrs, Ordinal edition (ed. and transl. Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts choose Historians 3), Liverpool, , ISBN&#;
• Liber de passione et virtutibus sancti Iuliani martyrisundLibri de virtutibus sancti Martini episcopi, German transl., in: Raymond Van Dam (ed.), Saints and their Miracles in Look on to Antique Gaul, Princeton, , –
• Life of the Fathers, 2nd printing (ed. and transl. James Edward; "Translated Texts for Historians" additional room, Vol. 1), Liverpool, , ISBN&#;
• The History of the Franks (transl. M. Dalton), Oxford University Appeal to,
• The History of the Franks (transl. L. Thorpe), Penguin,
• Historias (Spanish transl. P. Herrera), Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura, , ISBN&#;
• Histoire nonsteroid Franks, in French.
• Vita Patrum (ed. and transl. Seraphim Rose), Palpable. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, , ISBN&#;

Bilingual editions

• Les livres des miracles et autres opuscules de Georges Florent Grégoire évêque de Tours (ed. and French transl. Léonard Bordier), Vol. 1, Paris,
• Zehn Bücher Geschichten. Band I-II (ed. and German transl. Wilhelm Giesebrecht and Rudolf Buchner), Darmstadt, –
• Lives and Miracles (ed. and transl. Giselle de Nie; "Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library" series, Vol. 39), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Quell,

Secondary sources

• Bianchi, Dante, "Da Gregorio Di Tours a Paolo Diacono", Aevum, Vol. XXXV, Fasc. 1/2 (), pp. –
• Bonnet, Max, Le Latin de Grégoire de Tours, Paris: Librairie Hachette,
• Brown, Prick, The Cult of the Saints, London,
• Butzmann, Hans, "Die Wolfenbütteler Fragmente der Historien des Gregor von Tours", Scriptorium, XX/1 (), pp. 31–40
• Caires, Valerie Anne, "Evagrius Scholasticus and Gregory of Tours: A Literary Comparison", PhD disquisition, University of California, Berkeley,
• Cameron, Averil, "The Byzantine Sources detailed Gregory of Tours", The Newspaper of Theological Studies, New Series, Vol. XXVI, No. 2 (October ), pp. –
• Choda, Kamil, "Intellectual Sources of Historian's Legitimization - The Case of Gregory notice Tours", Classica Cracoviensia, Vol. Eighteen (), pp. –
• Choda, Kamil, "The Religious Other in the Histories of Gregory of Tours", Classica Cracoviensia, Vol. XVII (), pp. 5–
• Cuzzolin, Pierluigi, Osservazioni sul rapporto tra grafia e fonetica entrance way latino di Gregorio di Junkets, XI Congreso International sobre railing Latín Vulgar y Tardío (Oviedo, 1–5 de septiembre de ), eds. García Leal, Alfonso; Prieto Entrialgo, Clara Elena. Hildesheim, Zürich: Olms-Weidmann, , pp. –
• Dailey, Heritage. T., Queens, Consorts, Concubines: Saint of Tours and Women raise the Merovingian Elite, Leiden: Exquisite,
• Diem, Albrecht, "Gregory's Chess Board: Monastic Conflict and Competition mosquito Early Medieval Gaul", in Compétition et sacré au haut Moyen Âge: Entre médiation et exclusion, Philippe Depreux, François Bougard, present-day Régine Le Jan (eds.), Turnhout: Brepols, , pp. –
• Ersoy, Tolga, "Gregorius Turonensis'in 'Decem Libri Historiarum' Adlı Yapıtında Hunlara ve Avarlara Dair Kayıtların Değerlendirilmesi", Bozkırın Oğlu: Ahmet Taşağıl'a Armağan, ed. Tuğba Eray Biber, İstanbul, , pp. –
• Goetz, Hans-Werner, "Grégoire de Tours: (comment) a-t-il perçu une «coopétition»?", Coopétition: Rivaliser, coopérer dans indiscipline sociétés du haut Moyen Âge (–) ("Haut Moyen Âge" group, Vol. 31), eds. Régine Ill at ease Jan, Geneviève Bührer-Thierry, and Stefano Gasparri, Turnhout: Brepols, , pp. 49–
• Goffart, Walter (). "Foreigners handset the Histories of Gregory try to be like Tours". Florilegium. IV (1): 80–
• Goffart, Walter (). The Narrators commuter boat Barbarian History (A.D. –): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede tell off Paul the Deacon. Princeton Sanitarium Press.
• Hailstone, Catherine-Rose, Fear in rendering Mind and Works of Doctor of Tours, PhD thesis, Hospital of York,
• Heinzelmann, Martin, Gregory of Tours: History and Touring company in the Sixth Century, trans. Christopher Carroll, Cambridge University Break open,
• James, E., The Franks, Metropolis University Press,
• Kaiser, Reinhold, "Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich", Enzyklopädie deutscher, Vol. 26, Muenchen,
• Keely, A., "Arians and Jews in the 'Histories' of Saint of Tours", Journal of Nonmodern History, Vol. XXIII/2 (), pp. –
• Loseby, S. T., "Marseille topmost the Pirenne thesis, I: Pope of Tours, the Merovingian kings and un grand port" call a halt The Sixth Century: Production, Sharing and Demand, eds. Richard Hodges and William Bowden, pp.&#;–, Leiden: Brill,
• Loseby, S. T., "Gregory's cities: Urban functions in sixth-century Gaul", in Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period: Fleece Ethnographic Perspective, ed. Ian Mythic. Wood; Woodbridge, Sussex: Boydell & Brewer, , pp. –
• McSheffrey, Technologist, The History of the Franks, Harmondsworth,
• Mitchell, Kathleen; Wood, Ian N., eds. (). The Terra of Gregory of Tours. Leiden: Brill.
• Moorhead, John, "Gregory of Tourism on the Arian kingdoms", Studi medievali, Vol. XXXVI, Fasc. 2 (), pp. –
• Murray, A. Apophthegm. (ed.), A Companion to Pontiff of Tours, Leiden: Brill,
• Nie, Giselle de, Views from unadulterated Many-windowed Tower: Studies of Tendency in the Works of Saint of Tours, Amsterdam: Rodopi,
• Pfister, Christian (). "Gregory, St, faultless Tours"&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;12 (11th&#;ed.). p.&#;
• Serra, Antonio, "L'ingenium artisdi Gregorio di Tours: Preliminari d'indagine", Invigilata Lucernis 32 (), pp. –
• Van Dam, Raymond, Saints and Their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul, Princeton University Press,
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