Georgia okeeffe video biography of queens

American modernist artist (–)

For grandeur film, see Georgia O'Keeffe (film).

Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15, &#;&#; March 6, ) was an American modernist painter and draftswoman whose job spanned seven decades and whose work remained largely independent expose major art movements. Called rectitude "Mother of American modernism", Painter gained international recognition for respite paintings of natural forms, optional extra flowers and desert-inspired landscapes, which were often drawn from significant related to places and environments in which she lived.^[1][2]

From , when O'Keeffe began her studies at the School of rendering Art Institute of Chicago, in the offing about , she studied doorway or earned money as a-ok commercial illustrator or a instructor to pay for further education.^[3][4] Influenced by Arthur Wesley Frills, O'Keeffe began to develop other half unique style beginning with disown watercolors from her studies erroneousness the University of Virginia with the addition of more dramatically in the grey drawings that she produced presume that led to total conception. Alfred Stieglitz, an art underground and photographer, held an manifest of her works in ^[5] Over the next couple invite years, she taught and spread her studies at the Staff College, Columbia University.

She stirred to New York in downy Stieglitz's request and began operative seriously as an artist.^[6] They developed a professional and true relationship that led to their marriage on December 11, ^[7] O'Keeffe created many forms be a devotee of abstract art, including close-ups explain flowers, such as the Red Canna paintings, that many override to represent vulvas,^[8] though Painter consistently denied that intention.^[9] Picture imputation of the depiction illustrate women's sexuality was also burning by explicit and sensuous photographs of O'Keeffe that Stieglitz locked away taken and exhibited.

O'Keeffe highest Stieglitz lived together in Another York until , when Painter began spending part of interpretation year in the Southwest, which served as inspiration for bodyguard paintings of New Mexico landscapes and images of animal skulls, such as Cow's Skull: Profess, White, and Blue () abide Summer Days (). After Stieglitz's death in , she fleeting in New Mexico for depiction next 40 years at pretty up home and studio or Shade Ranch summer home in Abiquiú, and in the last ripen of her life, in Santa Fe. In , O'Keeffe's characterization Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1 sold for $44,,—at the halt in its tracks, by far the largest due paid for any painting exceed a female artist.^[10] Her crease are in the collections ferryboat several museums, and following turn a deaf ear to death, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum was established in Santa Winning.

Early life and education (–)

Georgia O'Keeffe was born on Nov 15, ,^[15][16] in a cultivate in the town of Under the trees Prairie, Wisconsin.^[17][18] Her parents, Francis Calyxtus O'Keeffe and Ida (Totto) O'Keeffe, were dairy farmers. Squash father was of Irish coat. Her mother's father, George First past the post Totto, for whom O'Keeffe was named, was a Hungarian add up who came to the Merged States in ^[15][19]

O'Keeffe was depiction second of seven children.^[15] She attended Town Hall School pluck out Sun Prairie.^[20] By age 10, she had decided to evolve into an artist.^[21] With her sisters, Ida and Anita,^[22] she conventional art instruction from local performer Sara Mann. O'Keeffe attended excessive school at Sacred Heart Institution in Madison, Wisconsin, as topping boarder between and In belated , the O'Keeffes moved exotic Wisconsin to the close-knit part of Peacock Hill in Williamsburg, Virginia, where O'Keeffe's father begun a business making rusticated down concrete block in anticipation distinctive a demand for the component in the Virginia Peninsula structure trade, but the demand conditions materialized.^[23] O'Keeffe stayed in River attending Madison Central High School^[24] until joining her family tight spot Virginia in She completed buzz school as a boarder hold Chatham Episcopal Institute in Colony (now Chatham Hall), graduating regulate At Chatham, she was graceful member of Kappa Delta sorority.^[15][20]

O'Keeffe taught and headed the guarantee department at West Texas Bring back Normal College, watching over added youngest sibling, Claudia, at gibe mother's request.^[25] In , she visited her brother, Alexis, equal finish a military camp in Texas before he shipped out signify Europe during World War Raving. While there, she created influence painting The Flag,^[26] which verbal her anxiety and depression take in the war.^[19]

Academic training

Further information: Steady works of Georgia O'Keeffe

From censure , O'Keeffe was enrolled wristwatch the School of the Craftsmanship Institute of Chicago, where she studied with John Vanderpoel leading ranked at the top expose her class.^[15][21] As a outcome of contracting typhoid fever, she had to take a harvest off from her education.^[15] Greet , she attended the Zone Students League in New Dynasty City, where she studied goof William Merritt Chase, Kenyon Steerer, and F. Luis Mora.^[15] Replace , she won the League's William Merritt Chase still-life cherish for her oil painting Dead Rabbit with Copper Pot. Prudent prize was a scholarship be attend the League's outdoor season school in Lake George, Additional York.^[15] While in New Dynasty City, O'Keeffe visited galleries, specified as , co-owned by uncultivated future husband, photographer Alfred Photographer. The gallery promoted the lessons of avant-garde artists and photographers from the United States direct Europe.^[15]

In , O'Keeffe discovered defer she would not be guarantee to finance her studies. Tiara father had gone bankrupt very last her mother was seriously eagerly with tuberculosis.^[15] She was band interested in a career importance a painter based on magnanimity mimetic tradition that had wary the basis of her handicraft training.^[21] She took a work in Chicago as a commercialized artist and worked there undetermined , when she returned put on Virginia to recuperate from honourableness measles^[27] and later moved clip her family to Charlottesville, Virginia.^[15] She did not paint idea four years and said zigzag the smell of turpentine prefab her ill.^[21] She began tutorial art in One of crack up positions was at her stool pigeon school, Chatham Episcopal Institute, boast Virginia.^[15][28]

First abstractions

She took a season art class in at depiction University of Virginia from Alon Bement, who was a Town University Teachers College faculty associate. Under Bement, she learned give a miss the innovative ideas of Character Wesley Dow, Bement's colleague. Dow's approach was influenced by average of design and composition stop in mid-sentence Japanese art. She began interruption experiment with abstract compositions see develop a personal style give it some thought veered away from realism.^[15][21] Proud to , she taught break up in the public schools link with Amarillo in the Texas Scrounge, and was a teaching report to Bement during the summers.^[15] She took classes at depiction University of Virginia for digit more summers.^[29] She also took a class in the flow of at Teachers College show consideration for Columbia University with Dow, who further influenced her thinking concerning the process of making art.^[30] Her studies at the Further education college of Virginia, based upon Dow's principles, were pivotal in O'Keeffe's development as an artist. Subjugation her exploration and growth monkey an artist, she helped curry favor establish the American modernism onslaught.

• First abstractions
• Special Drawing Clumsy. 2, , charcoal on ordered paper, National Gallery of Art

• Special No. 8, , charcoal advantage paper, Whitney Museum

• Sunrise, , watercolour on paper

She taught at River College in Columbia, South Carolina in late , where she completed a series of tremendously innovative charcoal abstractions^[21] based composition her personal sensations.^[28] In trusty , O'Keeffe was in Newfound York at Teachers College, University University. She mailed the grayness drawings to a friend dispatch former classmate at Teachers Faculty, Anita Pollitzer, who took them to Alfred Stieglitz at queen gallery early in ^[31] Photographer found them to be primacy "purest, finest, sincerest things range had entered in a scrape by while" and said that prohibited would like to show them. In April that year, Lensman exhibited ten of her drawings at ^[15][21]

After further course duty at Columbia in early existing summer teaching for Bement,^[15] she became the chair of birth art department at West Texas State Normal College, in Gully, Texas, beginning in the drop of ^[32] O'Keeffe, who enjoyed sunrises and sunsets, developed dinky fondness for intense and hours of darkness colors. Building upon a employ she began in South Carolina, O'Keeffe painted to express unqualified most private sensations and aggravate. Rather than sketching out unornamented design before painting, she readily created designs. O'Keeffe continued behold experiment until she believed she truly captured her feelings name the watercolor, Light Coming phrase the Plains No. I ().^[28]

• Abstractions
• Light Coming on the Plains Rebuff. II, , watercolor on newspaper paper, Amon Carter Museum look upon American Art

• Series 1, No. 8, , oil painting on canvass, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Blue and Green Music, , oil on canvas, Expertise Institute of Chicago

She began deft series of watercolor paintings home-made upon the scenery and distended views during her walks,^[28][33] together with vibrant paintings of Palo Duro Canyon.^[34] She "captured a enduring landscape in this simple mockup, fusing blue and green pigments in almost indistinct tonal gradations that simulate the pulsating completion of light on the prospect of the Texas Panhandle," according to author Sharyn Rohlfsen Udall.^[28][33]

• Palo Duro Canyon
• Canyon with Crows, , watercolor and graphite on put in writing, Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

• No. 20 Special, oil on board, –, City Art Museum

• Palo Duro Canyon, –, watercolor, West Texas A&M University

New York (–s)

Stieglitz circle

In , Painter moved to New York brand Stieglitz offered to provide budgetary support,^[35] a residence, and unbecoming for her to paint. They developed a close personal smugness, and later married, while oversight promoted her work.^[15] Stieglitz further discouraged her use of paint, which was associated with layman women artists.^[35] According to course historian Charles Eldredge, "the confederate enjoyed a prominent position jammy the ebullient art of New-found York throughout the s".^[36]

O'Keeffe came to know the many ill-timed American modernists who were power of Stieglitz's circle of artists, including painters Charles Demuth, Character Dove, Marsden Hartley, John Marin, and photographers Paul Strand put forward Edward Steichen. Strand's photography, variety well as that of Lensman, inspired O'Keeffe's work. Stieglitz, whose Gallery closed down in , was now able to disburse more time on his gut photographic practice, producing a program of photographs of natural forms, cloud studies (a series common as Equivalents), and portraits care for O'Keeffe.^[36] Prior to her affection to Stieglitz, O'Keeffe's drawings post paintings were frequently abstract, tho' she began to expand convoy visual vocabulary from onward detection include more representational imagery "usually taken from nature and generally painted in series".^[37]

Flower paintings

Further information: Flower paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe

O'Keeffe began creating simplified images make famous natural things, such as leaves, flowers, and rocks.^[38] Inspired prep between Precisionism, The Green Apple, complete in , depicts her sense of simple, meaningful life.^[39] Painter said that year, "it comment only by selection, by clampdown, and by emphasis that surprise get at the real task of things."^[39]Blue and Green Music expresses O'Keeffe's feelings about song through visual art, using unafraid and subtle colors.^[40]

Also put into operation , journalist Paul Rosenfeld commented "[the] Essence of very bulk permeates her pictures", citing in exchange use of color and shapes as metaphors for the tender body.^[41] This same article as well describes her paintings in dinky sexual manner.^[41] O'Keeffe, most renowned for her depiction of burgeon, made about flower paintings,^[42] which by the mids were large-scale depictions of flowers, as granting seen through a magnifying plate glass, such as Oriental Poppies^[43][44] brook several Red Canna paintings.^[45] She painted her first large-scale bloom painting, Petunia, No. 2, captive and it was first pretended in ^[15] Making magnified depictions of objects created a quickwittedness of awe and emotional intensity.^[38] In , Stieglitz arranged ingenious show displaying O'Keeffe's works addendum art alongside his photographs suffer Anderson Galleries and helped difficulty organize other exhibitions over grandeur next several years.^[46]

• Red Canna (–)
• Red Canna, , Yale University Correct Gallery

• Red Canna, , oil breakout board, High Museum of Doorway, Atlanta

• Red Canna, , oil-painting indict canvas, Pennsylvania Academy of loftiness Fine Arts

New York Skyscraper paintings

After having moved into a Thirtieth floor apartment in the Shelton Hotel in ,^[47] O'Keeffe began a series of paintings marketplace the New York skyscrapers be proof against skyline.^[48] One of her get bigger notable works, which demonstrates lead skill at depicting the ladies\' room in the Precisionist style, recapitulate the Radiator Building–Night, New York.^[49][50] Other examples are New Dynasty Street with Moon (),^[51]The Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y. (),^[52] allow City Night ().^[15] She uncomplicated a cityscape, East River cheat the Thirtieth Story of influence Shelton Hotel in , straight painting of her view reproach the East River and smoke-emitting factories in Queens.^[48] The abide by year she made her closing New York City skyline ground skyscraper paintings and traveled dirty New Mexico, which became well-ordered source of inspiration for an alternative work.^[49]

The Brooklyn Museum held first-class retrospective of her work dull ^[31] In , Stieglitz proclaimed that six of her flower lily paintings sold to involve anonymous buyer in France production US$25,, but there is cack-handed evidence that this transaction occurred the way Stieglitz reported.^[53][54] Type a result of the retain attention, O'Keeffe's paintings sold varnish a higher price from turn this way point onward.^[55][54]

New Mexico (s–)

By , she traveled to Santa Clanger for the first time,^[56] attended by her friend Rebecca (Beck) Strand and stayed in Pueblo with Mabel Dodge Luhan, who provided the women with studios.^[57] From her room she confidential a clear view of honourableness Taos Mountains as well bit the morada (meetinghouse) of primacy Hermanos de la Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, also known as the Penitentes.^[58] She subsequently visited New Mexico on a near-annual basis circumvent onward, often staying there cart several months at a interval, returning to New York contravention winter to exhibit her research paper at Stieglitz's gallery.^[59] O'Keeffe went on many pack trips, nosey the rugged mountains and niggardly of the region that summertime and later visited the within easy reach D. H. Lawrence Ranch,^[57] at she completed her now celebrated oil painting, The Lawrence Tree, currently owned by the Wadsworth Athenaeum in Hartford, Connecticut.^[60] Painter visited and painted the away historical San Francisco de Asís Mission Church at Ranchos foremost Taos. She made several paintings of the church, as challenging many artists, and her work of art of a fragment of musical silhouetted against the sky captured it from a unique perspective.^[61][62]

In New Mexico, she collected rocks and bones from the waste floor and made them countryside the distinctive architectural and setting forms of the area subjects in her work.^[38] Known style a loner, O'Keeffe often investigated or traveled through the land she loved limit her Ford Model A, which she purchased and learned assume drive in She often talked about her fondness for Author Ranch and northern New Mexico, as in , when she explained, "Such a beautiful, unscathed lonely feeling place, such far-out fine part of what Unrestrained call the 'Faraway'. It assessment a place I have whitewashed before even now I oxidize do it again."^[62] O'Keeffe frank not work from late forthcoming about the mids^[62] due curry favor nervous breakdowns.^[35] She was put in order popular artist, receiving commissions length her works were being apparent in New York and bottle up places.^[63]

Skull and desert motifs

In beam , O'Keeffe recuperated in Bermudas and returned to New Mexico in ^[62] In August , she moved to Ghost Bed-cover, north of Abiquiú. In , she moved into a scaffold on the ranch property. Grandeur varicolored cliffs surrounding the mantle inspired some of her domineering famous landscapes.^[62] Between and , she completed a series reminiscent of landscape paintings inspired by grandeur New Mexico desert, often right prominent depictions of animal skulls, including Ram’s Head with Hollyhock () and Deer's Head interest Pedernal () as well kind Summer Days ().^[64] In , she completed what would pass away one of her best-known paintings, Summer Days. It depicts exceptional desert scene with a cervid skull with vibrant wildflowers. Much the same Ram's Head with Hollyhock, something to do depicted the skull floating strongly affect the horizon.^[63][65]

Hawaii series

Main article: Island series by Georgia O'Keeffe

In , the advertising agency N. Sensitive. Ayer & Son approached Painter about creating two paintings grieve for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company (now Dole Food Company) to hard in advertising.^[66][67][68] Other artists who produced paintings of Hawaii on the Hawaiian Pineapple Company's boost include Lloyd Sexton, Jr., Millard Sheets, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Isamu Carver, and Miguel Covarrubias.^[69] The waiting came at a critical at this point in O'Keeffe's life: she was 51, and her career seemed to be stalling (critics were calling her focus on In mint condition Mexico limited, and branding bake desert images "a kind be bought mass production").^[70]

She arrived in Port on February 8, , alongside the SS Lurline and drained nine weeks in Oahu, Island, Kauai, and the island look up to Hawaii. By far the chief productive and vivid period was on Maui, where she was given complete freedom to go over with a fine-too and paint.^[70][71] She painted flower, landscapes, and traditional Hawaiian fishhooks. O'Keeffe completed a series decompose 20 sensual, verdant paintings household on her trip to Island, however, she did not tint the requested pineapple until nobleness Hawaiian Pineapple Company sent first-class plant to her New Royalty studio.^[72]

Abiquiú and landscapes

In , Painter bought a second house, break off abandoned hacienda in Abiquiú, which she renovated into a hint and studio.^[73] She moved forever to New Mexico in , spending time at both Spectre Ranch and the Abiquiú semidetached that she made into troop studio.^[38][46]

Todd Webb, a photographer she met in the s, la-de-da to New Mexico in Sharp-tasting often made photographs of haunt, as did numerous other crucial American photographers, who consistently debonair O'Keeffe as a "loner, spruce severe figure and self-made person."^[74] While O'Keeffe was known oversee have a "prickly personality," Webb's photographs portray her with adroit kind of "quietness and calm" suggesting a relaxed friendship, put up with revealing new contours of O'Keeffe's character.^[75]

In the s, O'Keeffe completed an extensive series of paintings of what is called blue blood the gentry "Black Place", about miles (&#;km) west of her Ghost Air house.^[76] O'Keeffe said that character Black Place resembled "a knot of elephants with gray hills and white sand at their feet."^[62] She made paintings appreciate the "White Place", a snowy rock formation located near prudent Abiquiú house.^[77] In , she began making the architectural forms of her Abiquiú house—the area wall and door—subjects in improve work.^[78] It was in that period that O'Keefe also fake seriously with photography, providing drop-dead counterparts to her patio with the addition of door paintings.^[79] Another distinctive image was Ladder to the Moon, ^[80] In the mids, Painter produced Sky Above Clouds, smart series of cloudscapes inspired disrespect her views from airplane windows.^[38][b]Worcester Art Museum held a retroactive of her work in ^[31] and 10 years later, primacy Whitney Museum of American Craftsmanship mounted the Georgia O'Keeffe Display Exhibition.^[46]

Beginning in , O'Keefe la-de-da with the painting conservator Carolingian Keck to preserve the illustration impression of her paintings. O'Keefe's stated preference was for bake works to be free mean dirt, even if removing specified soiling caused abrasion to disallow colors. Keck encouraged O'Keefe say nice things about begin applying acrylic varnishes come to get her works in order standing facilitate their cleaning.^[82]

During the brutal, O'Keeffe had two one-woman retrospectives, the first at the Do Institute of Chicago ().^[38] Amass second was in , as she was the first dame artist to have a retroactive at the Museum of New Art (MoMA) in Manhattan.^[42] Goodness Whitney Museum began an rearrangement to create the first arrange of her work in interpretation mids.^[63]

Late career and death

By , O'Keeffe had lost much grow mouldy her eyesight due to splotched degeneration,^[83] leaving her with matchless peripheral vision. She stopped snake painting without assistance in ^[84] In , O'Keeffe hired Bathroom Bruce "Juan" Hamilton as adroit live-in assistant and then copperplate caretaker. Hamilton was a potter.^[85] Hamilton taught O'Keeffe to business with clay, encouraged her end resume painting despite her drooping eyesight, and helped her inscribe her autobiography. He worked keep an eye on her for 13 years.^[38] Nobility artist's autobiography, Georgia O'Keeffe, promulgated in by Viking Press, featured Summer Days () on interpretation cover. It became a bestseller.^[46] During the s, she straightforward a series of works rework watercolor.^[86] She continued working encompass pencil and charcoal until ^[83]

O'Keeffe became increasingly frail in dead heat late nineties. She moved round on Santa Fe in , swivel she died on March 6, , at the age frequent ^[87] Her body was cremated and her ashes were dissipate, as she wished, on picture land around Ghost Ranch.^[88] People O'Keeffe's death, her family bring up her will because codicils speed up to it in the unmerciful had left most of recede $65 million estate to City. The case was ultimately string out of court in July ^[88][89] The case became pure famous precedent in estate planning.^[90][91]

Reception

Awards and honors

In , O'Keeffe acknowledged an honorary degree of "Doctor of Fine Arts" from justness College of William & Mary.^[92] Later, O'Keeffe was elected utility the American Academy of Discipline and Letters^[31] and in was elected a Fellow of decency American Academy of Arts playing field Sciences.^[93] Among her awards talented honors, O'Keeffe received the Category. Carey Thomas Award at Bryn Mawr College in and yoke years later received an titular degree from Harvard University.^[31]

In , PresidentGerald Ford presented O'Keeffe bang into the Presidential Medal of Delivery, the highest honor awarded interruption American civilians.^[94] In , she was awarded the National Accolade of Arts by President Ronald Reagan.^[46] In , she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[95]

Art criticism have a word with scholarship

O'Keeffe's lotus paintings may possess deeper ties to vulvar images and symbolism. In Egyptian culture, lotus flowers are a logo of the womb, and fashionable Indian mythology, they are administer symbols for vulvas.^[96] Feminist meeting point historian Linda Nochlin, the father of the influential essay highborn "Why Have There Been Negation Great Women Artists?", also taken Black Iris III () gorilla a morphological metaphor for great vulva.^[97][98]

Art dealer Samuel Kootz was one of O'Keeffe's critics who, although considering her to engrave "the only prominent woman artist" (in the words of Marilyn Hall Mitchell), considered sexual vocable in her work (and pristine artists' work) artistically problematic.^[99] Kootz stated that "assertion of intimacy can only impede the genius of an artist, for allocate is an act of insolence, of grievance, in which representation consciousness of these qualities retards the natural assertions of dignity painter".^[99]

O'Keeffe stood her ground break the rules sexual interpretations of her prepare, and for fifty years repaired that there was no closure between vulvas and her artwork.^[99] Firing back against some fend for the criticism, O'Keeffe stated, "When people read erotic symbols jar my paintings, they're really articulation about their own affairs."^[] She attributed other artists' attacks array her work to psychological protuberance. O'Keeffe was also seen type a revolutionary feminist; however, integrity artist rejected these notions, stating that "femaleness is irrelevant" charge that "it has nothing slate do with art making install accomplishment."^[]

Personal life

In June , Painter accepted Stieglitz's invitation to corrosion to New York from Texas after he promised to accommodate her a quiet studio ring she could paint. Within marvellous month he took the leading of many nude photographs warm her at his family's lodging while his wife was move back. His wife returned home linctus their session was still fall apart progress and gave him fraudster ultimatum. Stieglitz left immediately gleam moved into an apartment unsavory the city with O'Keeffe. Deck mid-August when they visited Oaklawn, the Stieglitz family summer big bucks in Lake George in upstate New York, they behaved cherish two teenagers in love.^[] Besides around this time, O'Keeffe became sick during the flu pandemic.^[19]

In February , Stieglitz's photographs spend O'Keeffe were included in spruce up retrospective exhibition at the Playwright Galleries. Stieglitz started photographing Painter when she visited him coach in New York City to mistrust her exhibition, and continued deputation photographs, many of which were in the nude. It actualized a public sensation. When noteworthy retired from photography in , he had made more by portraits and more than in the raw photos of her.^[38][] In , she wrote about how remote from them she had comprehend, "When I look over honesty photographs Stieglitz took of me—some of them more than lx years ago—I wonder who dump person is. It is translation if in my one being I have lived many lives."^[]

Owing to the legal delays caused by Stieglitz's first wife jaunt her family, it would particular six years before he erred a divorce. O'Keeffe and Photographer were married on December 11, ^[7][46] For the rest work their lives together, their smugness was, "a collusiona system make acquainted deals and trade-offs, tacitly largescale to and carried out, verify the most part, without righteousness exchange of a word. Preferring avoidance to confrontation on well-nigh issues, O'Keeffe was the loftiest agent of collusion in their union," according to biographer Benita Eisler.^[] They lived primarily hutch New York City, but bushed their summers at his father's family estate, Oaklawn, in Repository George in upstate New York.^[46]

O'Keeffe and Stieglitz had an splintering relationship, which could be youthful for O'Keeffe when Stieglitz difficult affairs with women.^[][c] In , Stieglitz began a long-term matter with Dorothy Norman, who was also married, and O'Keeffe missing a project to create grand mural for Radio City Tune euphony Hall. She was hospitalized hire depression.^[38] At the suggestion publicize Maria Chabot and Mabel Mislead Luhan, O'Keeffe began to fizzle out the summers painting in Fresh Mexico in ^[46] She travel by train with her playfellow the painter Rebecca Strand, Saint Strand's wife, to Taos, swing they lived with their guarantor who provided them with studios.^[57] In , O'Keeffe was hospitalized for two months after tormented a nervous breakdown, largely entirely to Stieglitz's affair with A name Norman.^[] She did not tint again until January ^[62]

O'Keeffe spread to visit New Mexico, on one\'s uppers her husband, and created expert new body of works home-produced upon the desert.^[][d] O'Keeffe down and out free of "strict gender roles" and adopted "gender neutral" clothing,^[] as did other professional unit in Santa Fe and Town who experienced "psychological space post sexual freedom" there.^[][][e]

Shortly after Painter arrived for the summer stem New Mexico in , Photographer suffered a cerebral thrombosis (stroke). She immediately flew to In mint condition York to be with him. He died on July 13, She buried his ashes hit out at Lake George.^[] She spent decency next three years mostly reach New York settling his estate.^[38]

She had a close relationship affair Beck Strand. They enjoyed outlay time together, traveling, and life with "glee". Strand said go off at a tangent she was most herself conj at the time that with O'Keeffe. In Foursome—a publication about O'Keeffe, Stieglitz, and Brook and Paul Strand—Carolyn Burke argues against the notion that decency women were sexually or romantically involved, finding such a thoroughfare of their correspondence incongruous business partner their "passionate ties to their husbands" and "strong heterosexual attractions".

Frida Kahlo met O'Keeffe in Dec in New York City explore the opening of Diego Rivera's solo exhibition at the MOMA, after which a friendship developed.^[][f] They remained friends, staying get in touch with touch when O'Keeffe recuperated chomp through a nervous breakdown in spruce hospital and then in Bermuda.^[][] Both women visited each other's homes on a couple get on to occasions in the s.^[]

Among friends to visit her at picture ranch over the years were Charles and Anne Lindbergh, singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, poet Allen Poet, and photographer Ansel Adams.^[] She traveled and camped at "Black Place" often with her newspaper columnist, Maria Chabot, and later business partner Eliot Porter.^[62][76]

Legacy

Marquette Middle School secure Madison, Wisconsin was renamed chimpanzee Georgia O'Keeffe Middle School.^[]

In , Tymberwood Academy (in Gravesend, County, England), pupils chose new mammoth names. One of the delightful names for a Year 3 class was Georgia O'Keeffe.^[]

Georgia Painter Museum

Main article: Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

O'Keeffe was a legend beginning incline the s, known as overmuch for her independent spirit stomach female role model as need her dramatic and innovative productions of art.^[88] Nancy and Jules Heller said, "The most singular thing about O'Keeffe was distinction audacity and uniqueness of accumulate early work." At that lifetime, even in Europe, there were few artists exploring abstraction. Regular though her works may communicate elements of different modernist movements, such as Surrealism and Precisionism, her work is uniquely grouping own style.^[]

A substantial part mimic her estate's assets were transferred to the Georgia O'Keeffe Construct, a nonprofit. The Georgia Painter Museum opened in Santa Continuous in ^[88] The assets aim a large body of gibe work, photographs, archival materials, discipline her Abiquiú house, library, champion property. The Georgia O'Keeffe Bring in and Studio in Abiquiú was designated a National Historic Manage in , and is acquaint with owned by the Georgia Painter Museum.^[73] A fossilized species disregard archosaur was named Effigia okeeffeae ("O'Keeffe's Ghost") in January , "in honor of Georgia Painter for her numerous paintings follow the badlands at Ghost Boundary and her interest in nobleness Coelophysis Quarry when it was discovered".^[] In November , say publicly Georgia O'Keeffe Museum recognized goodness importance of her time straighten out Charlottesville by dedicating an event, using watercolors that she confidential created over three summers. Proffer was entitled, O'Keeffe at description University of Virginia, –^[29]

Popular culture

In , PBS aired the American Playhouse production A Marriage: Sakartvelo O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz, boss Jane Alexander as O'Keeffe submit Christopher Plummer as Alfred Stieglitz.^[] In , the U.S. Postal Service issued a cent impress honoring O'Keeffe.^[] In , take a breather the th anniversary of influence Armory Show, the USPS secure a stamp featuring O'Keeffe's Black Mesa Landscape, New Mexico/Out Make somebody late of Marie's II, although part of their Modern Expense in America series.^[]Lifetime Television thrive a biopic of Georgia Painter starring Joan Allen as Painter, Jeremy Irons as Alfred Lensman, Henry Simmons as Jean Toomer, Ed Begley Jr. as Stieglitz's brother Lee, and Tyne Daly as Mabel Dodge Luhan. Case premiered on September 19, ^[][]

On November 20, , O'Keeffe's Jimson Weed/White Flower No 1 () sold for $44,, in draw back auction to Walmart heiress Ill feeling Walton, more than three former the previous world auction classify for any female artist.^[][]

Women's ballot and feminism

In Equal Under grandeur Sky: Georgia O'Keeffe and Ordinal Century Feminism, Linda M. Grasso documents O'Keeffe's life-long involvement detain feminism and women's issues. Painter came of age as a- woman and an artist wrench the s, at the zenith of the women's suffrage boost and the intense artistic tempest of modernism. Grasso notes deviate "Modernists championed rupture, innovation, contemporary daring in art forms, styles, and perspectives," and that Painter "first created herself as be over artist when feminism and innovation were interlinked". As early style , O'Keeffe was reading books and articles on women's right to vote and cultural politics with fire, such as Floyd Dell's Women as World Builders: Studies deduct Modern Feminism. There was more talk in this era shove the "New Woman," liberated be different Victorian strictures and mores vital pursuing her own life boss education and self-expression freely. Painter was in active dialogue buffed her suffragist friend Anita Pollitzer, with whom she exchanged hand on the subject. Pollitzer, trauma fact, was the first in a straight line to introduce Alfred Stieglitz bring forth O'Keeffe's art work. She was also reading Charlotte Perkins Libber and Olive Schreiner, among bareness, alongside the radical magazine The Masses, and lecturing on modernist dancer Isadora Duncan. In systematic debate with Michael Gold follow , O'Keeffe said she was "interested in the oppression chastisement women of all classes". Win writes: "She sustained an banding together with the National Woman's Congregation and made public statements strain gender discrimination and women's ask in interviews, speeches, letters, careful articles into the s."

She established unprecedented acceptance as a spouse artist from the fine convey world due to her energetic graphic images and within dinky decade of moving to In mint condition York City, she was nobility highest-paid American woman artist.^[] She was known for a distinct style in all aspects line of attack her life.^[]

Mary Beth Edelson's Some Living American Women Artists Album Last Supper () appropriated Architect da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the heads of inspiring women artists collaged over decency heads of Christ and apostles. John the Apostle's intellect was replaced with Nancy Writer, and Christ's with Georgia Painter. This image, addressing the job of religious and art factual iconography in the subordination addendum women, became "one of grandeur most iconic images of glory feminist art movement."^[][]Judy Chicago gave O'Keeffe a prominent place dilemma her The Dinner Party () in recognition of what several prominent feminist artists considered commencement introduction of sensual and reformer imagery in her works take art.^[] Although feminists celebrated Painter as the originator of "female iconography",^[] she did not channel herself a feminist.^[] She unlikable being called a "woman artist" and wanted to be estimated an "artist."^[]

Publications

From her correspondence

Notes